Genosida dalam sejarah

Genosida adalah penghancuran yang disengaja terhadap suatu bangsa^[a] secara keseluruhan atau sebagian. Istilah ini dicetuskan pada tahun 1944 oleh Raphael Lemkin. Istilah ini didefinisikan dalam Pasal 2 Konvensi tentang Pencegahan dan Penghukuman Kejahatan Genosida (CPPCG) tahun 1948 sebagai "salah satu tindakan berikut yang dilakukan dengan maksud untuk menghancurkan, secara keseluruhan atau sebagian, suatu kelompok nasional, etnis, ras, atau agama, seperti: membunuh anggota kelompok; menyebabkan kerusakan fisik atau mental yang serius terhadap anggota kelompok; dengan sengaja menimbulkan kondisi kehidupan kelompok, yang dimaksudkan untuk menyebabkan kehancuran fisik secara keseluruhan atau sebagian; memaksakan tindakan yang dimaksudkan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok; [dan] memindahkan secara paksa anak-anak kelompok tersebut ke kelompok lain."^[1]

Genosida
Bagian dari seri tentang
Isu
Genosida budaya Demosida Pembersihan etnis Hubungan etnis Etnosida Genosida Pemerkosaan genosidal Genosida utilitarian Genosida ganda Perdebatan keunikan Holokaus Genosida Rwanda
Genosida pribumi
Kolonisasi Amerika oleh bangsa Eropa Genosida Dzungar, 1750-an Manifest Destiny Relokasi Indian, 1830-an Genosida California, 1848–1873 Genosida Moriori (1835–k.1860) Genosida Sirkasia, 1860-an Genosida Selk'nam, 1890-an–1900-an Genosida Herero dan Namaqua, 1904–1907 Genosida Yunani, 1914–1923 Genosida Asiria, 1914–1925 Genosida Armenia, 1915–1923 Genosida Libya, 1923–1932
Genosida Soviet
Pembersihan etnis di Uni Soviet Kelaparan Soviet 1932–33 Holodomor, 1931–1933 Kazakhstan, 1930–1933 Deportasi massal pada Perang Dunia II Kalmyk, 1943 Chechen dan Ingush, 1944 Tatar Krimea, 1944
Holokaus Nazi dan genosida (1941–1945)
Solusi Akhir Porajmos Kejahatan Nazi terhadap bangsa Polandia Kejahatan Nazi terhadap tawanan perang Soviet Genosida Serbia
Perang Dingin
Genosida Komunis di Indonesia (1965–1966) Genosida Bangladesh 1971 (1971) Genosida Burundi (1972 & 1993) Genosida Timor Timur (1974–1999) Genosida Kamboja (1975–1979) Genosida Guatemala (1981–1983) Genosida Kurdi (1986–1989) Genosida Isaaq (1988–1989)
Genosida kontemporer
Genosida Rwanda (1994) Genosida Bosnia (1992–1995) Pembantaian Srebrenica (1995) Genosida Darfur (2003–) Genosida oleh NIIS (2014–) Genosida Yazidi Genosida Syiah Genosida Kristen Genosida Afrika Tengah Genosida Gaza (2023–)
Topik terkait
Genosida dalam sejarah Ladang Pembantaian Khmer Rouge Kekuatan Hutu Persoalan genosida Holodomor Kamp pemusnahan Efek genosida terhadap pemuda Daftar menurut jumlah korban tewas Pembunuhan massal oleh rezim Komunis Pembunuhan massal antikomunis Daftar pembunuhan massal
Kategori
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Pembukaan CPPCG menyatakan bahwa "genosida adalah kejahatan menurut hukum internasional, bertentangan dengan semangat dan tujuan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan dikutuk oleh dunia yang beradab", dan juga menyatakan bahwa "pada semua periode sejarah genosida telah menimbulkan kerugian besar bagi kemanusiaan."^[1] Genosida secara luas dianggap sebagai lambang kejahatan manusia,^[2] dan telah disebut sebagai "kejahatan dari kejahatan".^[3]^[4]^[5] Gugus Tugas Ketidakstabilan Politik memperkirakan bahwa 43 genosida terjadi antara tahun 1956 dan 2016, yang mengakibatkan 50 juta kematian.^[6] UNHCR memperkirakan bahwa 50 juta orang lainnya telah mengungsi akibat episode kekerasan tersebut.^[6]

Diskriminasi
Bagian dari seri

Bentuk Institusional Struktural
Arah diskriminasi Agama Bahasa Difabel Genetika Warna rambut Tekstur rambut Tinggi badan Penampilan Ukuran badan Pangkat dan jabatan Kasta Kelas Rasisme Nordikisme Warna kulit Seks Orientasi seks Umur
Sosial Aseksual Arofobia Adultisme Antialbino Antiautisme Anti pecandu narkoba Antitunawisma Antiintelektualisme Anti-interseks Antikidal Anti-Mason Aporofobia Audisme Bifobia Kronisme Elitisme Efebifobia Stigma sosial terhadap orang gemuk Gayfobia Gerontofobia Heteroseksisme HIV/AIDS Homofobia Kusta Lesbofobia Misandri Misogini Nepotisme Orang asing abadi Pedofobia Perempuan hamil Sektarianisme Supremasisme Hitam Putih Transfobia Nonbiner Transmisogini Diskriminasi terhadap transpria Vegafobia Xenofobia
Diskriminasi agama Ahmadiyah Ateisme Baháʼí Buddhisme Katolik Kristen pasca-Perang Dingin Druze Falun Gong Hindu Penganiayaan Untouchability Islam Penganiayaan Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa Yahudi Yahudi LDS/Mormon Neopaganisme non-Muslims Ortodoks Timur Ortodoks Oriental Kubti Protestanisme Rastafari Sikh Syiah Sufi Sunni Zoroastrian
Etnis/kebangsaan Albania Afrika Amerika Arab Armenia Australia Austria Inggris Kanada Katalan Chili Kroasia Mandarin Belanda Bahasa Inggris Estonia Eropa Filipina Finlandia Prancis Jerman Georgia Yunani Haiti Hazara Hindu Hispanik Hungaria Igbo India Iran atau Persia Irlandia Israel Italia Jepang Yahudi Khmer Korea Kurdi Melayu Meksiko Timur Tengah Mongolia Pakistan Pashtun Polandia Portugis Quebec Romani Rumania Rusia Skotlandia Serbia Slav Soviet Thailand Turki Ukraina Vietnam Barat
Manifestasi Kekejaman terhadap hewan Kompleks industri hewan Percobaan hewan Fitnah darah Olahraga berdarah Bullying Karnisme Sterilisasi wajib Kontrajihad Genosida budaya Demosida Kejahatan kebencian disabilitas Pendidikan Ekonomi Eliminasisme Ketenagakerjaan Musuh rakyat Pembersihan etnis Kebencian etnis Lelucon etnis Etnosida Konversi paksa Pertunjukan aneh persekusi gay Gendersida Mutilasi genital Genosida contoh Langit-langit kaca Fitnah Kejahatan kebencian Kelompok kebencian Ucapan kebencian Pembuangan tunawisma Perumahan Indian rolling Kejahatan kebencian LGBT Ketakutan Lavender Penghakiman massa makan daging Hipotek Murder music Segregasi pekerjaan Persekusi Pogrom Pembersihan Perang ras Ketakutan Merah Persekusi agama Mengkambinghitamkan Akademi segregasi Aborsi selektif jenis kelamin Perbudakan Slut-shaming Terorisme agama Kekerasan agama Perang agama Trans bashing Viktimisasi Kekerasan terhadap perempuan White filght White power music Penjualan istri Perburuan penyihir
Kebijakan diskriminasi Segregasi usia ras agama Seks Usia pencalonan Darah murni Derajat darah Kejahatan apartheid Disabilitas Yahudi Katolik Etnokrasi Etnopluralisme Kesenjangan upah antargender Peran gender Gerontokrasi Gerrymandering Bangku ghetto Interniran Kuota Yahudi Hukum Jim Crow Hukum Perlindungan Bangsa McCarthyisme Kontroversi donor darah LSL Nonperson Numerus clausus (sebagai kuota agama atau ras) Hukum Nuremberg Aturan satu tetes Kuota ras Kemudi ras Redlining Pernikahan sesama jenis (hukum dan isu yang melarang) Ateisme negara Agama negara Hukum sodomi Hukum kejelekan Penindasan pemilih
Melawan diskriminasi Tindakan afirmatif Hak asasi hewan Hukum antidiskriminasi Asimilasi budaya Pluralisme budaya Pelatihan keragaman Pemberdayaan Feminisme Memerangi Diskriminasi Hak asasi manusia Hak interseks Hak LGBT Maskulisme Multikulturalisme Tanpa kekerasan Integrasi ras Penentuan nasib sendiri Integrasi sosial Toleransi
Topik terkait Allofilia Antroposentrisme Sentimen antibudaya Asimilasi Bias Hak istimewa Kristen Diskriminasi data Dehumanisasi Keragaman Penalti etnis Eugenika Penindasan terinternalisasi Interseksionalitas Kompleks Madonna-pelacur Hak istimewa laki-laki Model medis disabilitas autisme Multikulturalisme Keragaman saraf Oikofobia Penindasan Kebrutalan polisi Kebenaran politik Polikulturalisme Jarak kekuasaan Prasangka Bias rasial dalam berita kriminal Rasisme menurut negara Intoleransi agama Bias jender generasi kedua Keangkuhan Pengasingan sosial Model sosial disabilitas Stigma sosial Stereotip ancaman Hak istimewa kulit putih
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Lihat pula

Catatan

↑ Ditetapkan berdasarkan Konvensi Genosida sebagai "nasional, etnis, rasial, atau keagamaan."

Referensi

1 2 "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 January 1951. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 11 December 2005. Note: "ethnical", although unusual, is found in several dictionaries.
↑ Towner 2011, hlm. 625–638; Lang 2005, hlm. 5–17: "On any ranking of crimes or atrocities, it would be difficult to name an act or event regarded as more heinous. Genocide arguably appears now as the most serious offense in humanity's lengthy—and, we recognize, still growing—list of moral or legal violations."; Gerlach 2010, hlm. 6: "Genocide is an action-oriented model designed for moral condemnation, prevention, intervention or punishment. In other words, genocide is a normative, action-oriented concept made for the political struggle, but in order to be operational it leads to simplification, with a focus on government policies."; Hollander 2012, hlm. 149–189: "... genocide has become the yardstick, the gold standard for identifying and measuring political evil in our times. The label 'genocide' confers moral distinction on its victims and indisputable condemnation on its perpetrators."
↑ Schabas, William A. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris) (Edisi 1st). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9, 92, 227. ISBN 0-521-78262-7. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 16 June 2024.
↑ Straus, Scott (2022). Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E. (ed.). Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept (dalam bahasa Inggris). McGill-Queen's University Press. hlm. 223, 240. ISBN 978-0-2280-0951-1.
↑ Rugira, Lonzen (2022-04-20). "Why Genocide is "the crime of crimes"". Pan African Review (dalam bahasa American English). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 13 June 2024. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2024.
1 2 Anderton, Charles H.; Brauer, Jurgen, ed. (2016). Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937829-6.

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l b s Topik-topik genosida
Genosida	Jumlah korban Penduduk asli Siberia (abad ke-17–18) Ainu (abad ke-17–19) Sikh Pertama (1746) Mongol Dzungar (1750-an) Sikh kedua (1762) Orang kulit putih di Haiti (1804) Adighe (1817–67) Penduduk asli Amerika (1830-an) Moriori (1835–1860-an) Mapuche (1870-an–84) Genosida Selknam Anak aborigin Australia (1900–69) Herero dan Namaqua (1904–07) Yunani (1914–23) Asiria (1914–25) Armenia (1915–23) Holodomor (1932–33) Orang-orang Haiti di Republik Dominika (1937) Pembantaian Nanking (1937–38) Holokaus (1941–44) Generalplan Ost (1941-1945) Porajmos (1941-1945) Suluk (1944) Indonesia (1965–1966) Biafra (1967–70) Moro (1969–) Papua (1969–) Bangladesh (1971) Burundi pertama (1972) Kamboja (1975–79) Chittagong Hill Tracts (1977–97) Guatemala (1981–83) Orang Kurdi di Irak (1986–89) Burundi kedua (1993) Rwanda (1994) Bosnia dan Herzegovina (1995) Darfur (2003–) Yazidi (2014–)
Jenis	Otogenosida Genosida budaya Pembersihan etnis Etnosida Pembantaian genosidal Genosida utilitarian
Metode	Senjata bio etnis Pemerkosaan genosidal Genosida penduduk asli
Penyangkalan genosida	Holokaus Armenia Rwanda Holodomor Pembantaian Nanking Kamboja
Isu	Definisi genosida
Tokoh penting	Adolf Hitler Talat Pasya Joseph Stalin Pol Pot Omar al-Bashir Augustin Bizimungu Slobodan Milošević Lothar von Trotha Efraín Ríos Montt Saddam Hussein Francisco Macías Nguema Leopold II dari Belgia Mengistu Haile Mariam Michel Micombero Kaisar Qianlong Jean-Jacques Dessalines

l b s Diskriminasi
Bentuk umum	Usia Kasta Kelas Warna Disabilitas Genotip Tekstur rambut Tinggi Bahasa Rupa Kondisi mental Ras / Etnis / Kebangsaan Peringkat Agama Seks Orientasi seksual Ukuran Spesies
Sosial	Acefobia Stigma AIDS Adultisme Amatonormativitas Antialbinisme Antiautisme Antitunawisma Antiintelektualisme Antiinterseks Antikidal Anti-Masonry Antisemitisme Aporofobia Audisme Bifobia Klanisme Kronisme Penggunaan narkoba Elitisme Efebifobia Fatisme Gerontofobia Heteronormativitas Heteroseksisme Homofobia Stigma kusta Lesbofobia Misandri Misogini Nepotisme Pedofobia Kehamilan Terbalik Sektarianisme Seksisme Shadeisme Supremasisme Kulit hitam Kulit putih Transfobia Nonbiner Transmisogini Vegafobia Xenofobia
Agama	Ahmadiyah Ateisme Baha'i Buddhisme Falun Gong Hindu Persekusi Islam Persekusi Kristen Aniaya Aniaya pasca-Perang Dingin Katolik Koptik Mormon Ortodoks Tewahedo Ortodoks Timur Protestan Saksi Yehuwa Neopaganisme Rastafarianisme Sufisme Syiah Yudaisme Persekusi Zoroastrianisme
Etnis/Nasional	Albania Afrika Amerika Arab Armenia Australia Austria Inggris Kanada Katalan Chili Kroasia Mandarin Belanda Bahasa Inggris Estonia Eropa Filipina Finlandia Prancis Jerman Georgia Yunani Haiti Hazara Hindu Hispanik Hungaria Igbo India Iran atau Persia Irlandia Israel Italia Jepang Yahudi Khmer Korea Kurdi Melayu Meksiko Timur Tengah Mongolia Pakistan Pashtun Polandia Portugis Quebec Romani Rumania Rusia Skotlandia Serbia Slav Soviet Thailand Turki Ukraina Vietnam Barat
Manifestasi	Kekejaman terhadap hewan Kompleks industri hewan Percobaan hewan Fitnah darah Olahraga berdarah Bullying Karnisme Sterilisasi wajib Kontrajihad Genosida budaya Demosida Kejahatan kebencian disabilitas Pendidikan Ekonomi Eliminasisme Ketenagakerjaan Musuh rakyat Pembersihan etnis Kebencian etnis Lelucon etnis Etnosida Konversi paksa Pertunjukan aneh persekusi gay Gendersida Mutilasi genital Genosida contoh Langit-langit kaca Fitnah Kejahatan kebencian Kelompok kebencian Ucapan kebencian Pembuangan tunawisma Perumahan Indian rolling Kejahatan kebencian LGBT Ketakutan Lavender Penghakiman massa makan daging Hipotek Murder music Segregasi pekerjaan Persekusi Pogrom Pembersihan Perang ras Ketakutan Merah Persekusi agama Mengkambinghitamkan Akademi segregasi Aborsi selektif jenis kelamin Perbudakan Slut-shaming Terorisme agama Kekerasan agama Perang agama Trans bashing Viktimisasi Kekerasan terhadap perempuan White filght White power music Penjualan istri Perburuan penyihir
Kebijakan diskriminatif	Segregasi usia ras agama Seks Usia pencalonan Darah murni Derajat darah Kejahatan apartheid Disabilitas Yahudi Katolik Etnokrasi Etnopluralisme Kesenjangan upah antargender Peran gender Gerontokrasi Gerrymandering Bangku ghetto Interniran Kuota Yahudi Hukum Jim Crow Hukum Perlindungan Bangsa McCarthyisme Kontroversi donor darah LSL Nonperson Numerus clausus (sebagai kuota agama atau ras) Hukum Nuremberg Aturan satu tetes Kuota ras Kemudi ras Redlining Pernikahan sesama jenis (hukum dan isu yang melarang) Ateisme negara Agama negara Hukum sodomi Hukum kejelekan Penindasan pemilih
Penanggulangan	Tindakan afirmatif Hak asasi hewan Hukum antidiskriminasi Asimilasi budaya Pluralisme budaya Pelatihan keragaman Pemberdayaan Feminisme Memerangi Diskriminasi Hak asasi manusia Hak interseks Hak LGBT Maskulisme Multikulturalisme Tanpa kekerasan Integrasi ras Penentuan nasib sendiri Integrasi sosial Toleransi Vegetarianisme Veganisme
Topik terkait	Allofilia Antroposentrisme Sentimen antibudaya Asimilasi Bias Hak istimewa Kristen Diskriminasi data Dehumanisasi Keragaman Penalti etnis Eugenika Penindasan terinternalisasi Interseksionalistas Kompleks Madonna-pelacur Hak istimewa laki-laki Model medis disabilitas autisme Multikulturalisme Keragaman saraf Oikofobia Penindasan Kebrutalan polisi Kebenaran politik Polikulturalisme Jarak kekuasaan Prasangka Bias rasial dalam berita kriminal Rasisme menurut negara Intoleransi agama Bias jender generasi kedua Keangkuhan Pengasingan sosial Model sosial disabilitas Stigma sosial Stereotip ancaman Hak istimewa kulit putih
Kategori

[1] Ditetapkan berdasarkan Konvensi Genosida sebagai "nasional, etnis, rasial, atau keagamaan."

[CPPCG-2] 1 2 "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 January 1951. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 11 December 2005. Note: "ethnical", although unusual, is found in several dictionaries.

[3] Towner 2011, hlm. 625–638; Lang 2005, hlm. 5–17: "On any ranking of crimes or atrocities, it would be difficult to name an act or event regarded as more heinous. Genocide arguably appears now as the most serious offense in humanity's lengthy—and, we recognize, still growing—list of moral or legal violations."; Gerlach 2010, hlm. 6: "Genocide is an action-oriented model designed for moral condemnation, prevention, intervention or punishment. In other words, genocide is a normative, action-oriented concept made for the political struggle, but in order to be operational it leads to simplification, with a focus on government policies."; Hollander 2012, hlm. 149–189: "... genocide has become the yardstick, the gold standard for identifying and measuring political evil in our times. The label 'genocide' confers moral distinction on its victims and indisputable condemnation on its perpetrators."

[4] Schabas, William A. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris) (Edisi 1st). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9, 92, 227. ISBN 0-521-78262-7. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 16 June 2024.

[5] Straus, Scott (2022). Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E. (ed.). Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept (dalam bahasa Inggris). McGill-Queen's University Press. hlm. 223, 240. ISBN 978-0-2280-0951-1.

[6] Rugira, Lonzen (2022-04-20). "Why Genocide is "the crime of crimes"". Pan African Review (dalam bahasa American English). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 13 June 2024. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2024.

[auto-7] 1 2 Anderton, Charles H.; Brauer, Jurgen, ed. (2016). Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937829-6.

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