Catatan kaki
- ↑ Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
- ↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ↑ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- ↑ Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
- ↑ The position of Chairman was declared to be the "highest office of state" by the constitution that came into effect on September 5, 1998.
- 1 2 In exile between 1990 dan 1991.
- ↑ Kirgizstan only became independent in 1991.
- ↑ Turkmenistan only became independent in 1991.
- ↑ Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
- ↑ Ali Abdullah Saleh was Presiden North Yaman until 1990.
- ↑ Abkhazia only declared independence on 23 July 1992.
- ↑ Transnistria only declared independence in 1991.
- ↑ The capital was retaken by Rusia in 2000 dan Maskhadov was in hiding afterwards.
- ↑ Slovenia only became independent in 1991.
- ↑ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state dan the government of Swiss. Within the Council, the Presiden Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
- ↑ Palau only became independent in 1994.
- ↑ Tonga only became independent in 1970.