Bahan bakar karbon netral adalah bahan bakar energi atau sistem energi yang tidak memiliki emisi gas rumah kaca bersih atau jejak karbon. Salah satu kelasnya adalah bahan bakar sintetis (termasuk metana, bensin,[1][2] bahan bakar diesel, bahan bakar jet atau amonia)[3] yang dihasilkan dari energi terbarukan, berkelanjutan atau nuklir yang digunakan untuk menghidrogenasi karbon dioksida yang ditangkap langsung dari udara (DAC), didaur ulang dari emisi gas buang cerobong pembangkit listrik atau berasal dari asam karbonat dalam air laut. Sumber-sumber energi terbarukan termasuk turbin angin, panel surya, dan pembangkit listrik tenaga air.[4][5][6][7] Jenis sumber energi terbarukan yang lain adalah bahan bakar hayati.[8] Bahan bakar seperti itu berpotensi karbon netral karena tidak menghasilkan peningkatan bersih gas rumah kaca di atmosfer.[9][10][11]
Sejauh bahan bakar karbon netral menggantikan bahan bakar fosil, atau jika dihasilkan dari limbah karbon atau asam karbonat air laut, dan pembakarannya tunduk pada penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon di pipa buang atau knalpot, mereka menghasilkan emisi karbon dioksida negatif dan pembersihan karbon dioksida neto dari atmosfer, dan dengan demikian merupakan bentuk pembersihan gas rumah kaca.[12][13][14][15]
Karbon netral tenaga menjadi gas seperti itu dan bahan bakar karbon negatif dapat diproduksi melalui elektrolisis air untuk menghasilkan hidrogen yang digunakan dalam reaksi Sabatier untuk menghasilkan metana yang kemudian dapat disimpan untuk dibakar kemudian dalam pembangkit listrik sebagai gas alam sintetis, diangkut melalui jalur pipa, truk, atau kapal tanker, atau digunakan dalam proses gas menjadi cairan seperti proses Fischer-Tropsch untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar tradisional untuk transportasi atau pemanasan.[16][17][18]
Pabrik metana sintetis 250 kilowatt telah dibangun di Jerman dan sedang ditingkatkan hingga 10 megawatt.[19]
Produksi
Bahan bakar karbon netral merupakan hidrokarbon sintetis. Bahan bakar tersebut dapat diproduksi dalam reaksi-reaksi kimia antara karbon dioksida, yang dapat ditangkap dari pembangkit listrik atau udara, dan hidrogen, yang dihasilkan melalui elektrolisis air menggunakan energi terbarukan. Bahan bakar ini, sering disebut sebagai bahan bakar elektro, menyimpan energi yang digunakan dalam produksi hidrogen.[20] Batu bara juga dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan hidrogen, tetapi batu bara bukan merupakan sumber karbon netral. Karbon dioksida dapat ditangkap dan dikubur, menjadi bahan bakar fosil karbon netral, meskipun tidak terbarukan. Penangkapan karbon dari gas buang dapat membuat bahan bakar karbon netral menjadi negatif. Hidrokarbon lain dapat diuraikan untuk menghasilkan hidrogen dan karbon dioksida yang kemudian dapat disimpan, sementara hidrogen digunakan untuk energi atau bahan bakar, yang juga merupakan karbon netral.[21]
Bahan bakar yang paling hemat energi untuk diproduksi adalah gas hidrogen, yang dapat digunakan dalam kendaraan sel bahan bakar hidrogen dan yang memerlukan langkah proses paling sedikit untuk memproduksinya.[22]
Ada beberapa bahan bakar lagi yang dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan hidrogen. Asam format misalnya dapat dibuat dengan mereaksikan hidrogen dengan CO2. Asam format yang dikombinasikan dengan CO2 dapat membentuk isobutanol.[23]
Sejarah
Investigasi bahan bakar netral karbon telah berlangsung selama beberapa dekade. Sebuah laporan tahun 1965 menyarankan sintesis metanol dari karbon dioksida di udara menggunakan tenaga nuklir untuk depot bahan bakar bergerak. Produksi kapal bahan bakar sintetis menggunakan tenaga nuklir dipelajari pada tahun 1977 dan 1995. Sebuah laporan tahun 1984 mempelajari pemulihan karbon dioksida dari pabrik bahan bakar fosil. Sebuah laporan tahun 1995 membandingkan armada kendaraan yang diubah untuk menggunakan metanol netral karbon dengan sintesis bensin lebih lanjut.
Referensi
- ↑ Air Fuel Synthesis shows petrol from air has future
- ↑ The AFS Process - turning air into a sustainable fuel
- ↑ Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Trannd Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas
- ↑ Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. (2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366 (1882): 3901–18. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. PMID 18757281. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal May 25, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012. (Review.)
- ↑ Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (7): 3703–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.666.7435. doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. PMID 21505692. (Review.)
- ↑ 2</sub> capture technologies"},"journal":{"wt":"Energy and Environmental Science"},"volume":{"wt":"3"},"issue":{"wt":"11"},"pages":{"wt":"1645–69"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1039/C004106H"},"display-authors":{"wt":"etal"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mw1A"/>MacDowell, Niall; et al. (2010). "An overview of CO2 capture technologies". Energy and Environmental Science. 3 (11): 1645–69. doi:10.1039/C004106H. (Review.)
- ↑ 2</sub> extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis"},"journal":{"wt":"Energy and Environmental Science"},"volume":{"wt":"5"},"issue":{"wt":"6"},"pages":{"wt":"7346–52"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1039/C2EE03393C"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237005785"},"accessdate":{"wt":"July 6, 2013"},"display-authors":{"wt":"etal"},"citeseerx":{"wt":"10.1.1.698.8497"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mw4A"/>Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (6): 7346–52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.8497. doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Diakses tanggal July 6, 2013.
- ↑ Biomass and the Environment – Basics
- ↑ 2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O with renewable or nuclear energy"},"journal":{"wt":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},"volume":{"wt":"15"},"issue":{"wt":"1"},"pages":{"wt":"1–23"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014"},"url":{"wt":"http://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/sustainable-hydrocarbon-fuels-by-recycling-co2-and-h2o-with-renewable-or-nuclear-energy(4cc6e93b-c64e-477c-80b1-b5a9677ffec7).html"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mw9w"/>Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO2 and H2O with renewable or nuclear energy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014. (Review.)
- ↑ 2</sub> with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs''"},"publisher":{"wt":"American Physical Society"},"type":{"wt":"peer reviewed literature review"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/assessments/upload/dac2011.pdf"},"accessdate":{"wt":"September 7, 2012"},"display-authors":{"wt":"etal"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAQQ"/>Socolow, Robert; et al. (June 1, 2011). Direct Air Capture of CO2 with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs (PDF) (peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012.
- ↑ Conference on Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock for Chemistry and Polymers (Essen, Germany, October 10–11, 2012; post-conference program Diarsipkan 2019-05-15 di Wayback Machine.)
- ↑ 2</sub> capture from the atmosphere"},"journal":{"wt":"Energy and Environmental Science"},"volume":{"wt":"5"},"issue":{"wt":"7"},"pages":{"wt":"7833–53"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1039/C2EE21586A"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwARo"/>Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Prakash, G.K. Surya; Olah, George A. (2012). "Air as the renewable carbon source of the future: an overview of CO2 capture from the atmosphere". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (7): 7833–53. doi:10.1039/C2EE21586A. (Review.)
- ↑ 2</sub> from ambient air"},"journal":{"wt":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},"volume":{"wt":"108"},"issue":{"wt":"51"},"date":{"wt":"2011"},"pages":{"wt":"20428–33"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1073/pnas.1012253108"},"pmid":{"wt":"22143760"},"url":{"wt":"http://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/1012253108full.pdf"},"accessdate":{"wt":"September 7, 2012"},"pmc":{"wt":"3251141"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwASU"/>House, K.Z.; Baclig, A.C.; Ranjan, M.; van Nierop, E.A.; Wilcox, J.; Herzog, H.J. (2011). "Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO2 from ambient air" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (51): 20428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012253108. PMC 3251141. PMID 22143760. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012. (Review.)
- ↑ 2</sub> capture from ambient air"},"journal":{"wt":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},"volume":{"wt":"109"},"issue":{"wt":"33"},"pages":{"wt":"13156–62"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1073/pnas.1108765109"},"pmid":{"wt":"22843674"},"display-authors":{"wt":"etal"},"pmc":{"wt":"3421162"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwATs"/>Lackner, Klaus S.; et al. (2012). "The urgency of the development of CO2 capture from ambient air". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (33): 13156–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108765109. PMC 3421162. PMID 22843674.
- ↑ Kothandaraman, Jotheeswari; Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Olah, George A.; Prakash, G. K. Surya (2016-01-27). "Conversion of CO2 from Air into Methanol Using a Polyamine and a Homogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (3): 778–781. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b12354. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 26713663.
- ↑ 2</sub>, Water, and Renewable Energy"},"journal":{"wt":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},"volume":{"wt":"100"},"issue":{"wt":"2"},"pages":{"wt":"440–60"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1109/JPROC.2011.2168369"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.uk-shec.org.uk/uk-shec/news/IEEE_Paper_6_3_5_finalx1x.pdf"},"accessdate":{"wt":"September 7, 2012"},"display-authors":{"wt":"etal"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508220516/http://www.uk-shec.org.uk/uk-shec/news/IEEE_Paper_6_3_5_finalx1x.pdf"},"archivedate":{"wt":"May 8, 2013"},"df":{"wt":""},"citeseerx":{"wt":"10.1.1.359.8746"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAV8"/>Pearson, R.J.; Eisaman, M.D.; et al. (2012). "Energy Storage via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From CO2, Water, and Renewable Energy" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 100 (2): 440–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.8746. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2011.2168369. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal May 8, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012. (Review.)
- ↑ 2</sub> from flue gas using electrochemical cells"},"journal":{"wt":"Fuel"},"volume":{"wt":"89"},"issue":{"wt":"6"},"pages":{"wt":"1307–14"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.036"},"display-authors":{"wt":"etal"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAXk"/>Pennline, Henry W.; et al. (2010). "Separation of CO2 from flue gas using electrochemical cells". Fuel. 89 (6): 1307–14. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.036.
- ↑ 2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O in solid oxide cells: Performance and durability"},"journal":{"wt":"Solid State Ionics"},"volume":{"wt":"192"},"issue":{"wt":"1"},"pages":{"wt":"398–403"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1016/j.ssi.2010.06.014"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAYU"/>Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens (2011). "Co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in solid oxide cells: Performance and durability". Solid State Ionics. 192 (1): 398–403. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2010.06.014.
- ↑ Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (May 5, 2010). "Storing green electricity as natural gas". fraunhofer.de. Diakses tanggal September 9, 2012.
- ↑ Pearson, Richard; Eisaman (2011). "Energy Storage Via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From Carbon dioxide, Water, and Renewable Energy" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 100 (2): 440–460. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.8746. doi:10.1109/jproc.2011.2168369. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 8 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2012.
- ↑ Kleiner, kurt (17 January 2009). "Carbon Neutral Fuel; a new approach". The Globe and Mail: F4. Diakses tanggal 23 October 2012.
- ↑ "Integration of Power to Gas / Power to Liquids into the ongoing transformation process" (PDF). www.umweltbundesamt.de. hlm. 12. Diakses tanggal 26 Desember 2020.
- ↑ Houston, Brian (2015-02-10). "Extracting energy from air - is this the future of fuel?". cleanleap.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2021-01-18. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-26.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Boisgibault, Louis; Al Kabbani, Fahad (2020). Peralihan Tenaga di Metropolis, Kawasan Luar Bandar dan Gurun "Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts". Wiley. ISBN 9781786304995.
- 2</sub>(dobpdc)"},"journal":{"wt":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},"volume":{"wt":"134"},"issue":{"wt":"16"},"date":{"wt":"2012"},"pages":{"wt":"7056–65"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1021/ja300034j"},"pmid":{"wt":"22475173"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAdk"/>McDonald, Thomas M.; Lee, Woo Ram; Mason, Jarad A.; Wiers, Brian M.; Hong, Chang Seop; Long, Jeffrey R. (2012). "Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Air and Flue Gas in the Alkylamine-Appended Metal–Organic Framework mmen-Mg2(dobpdc)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (16): 7056–65. doi:10.1021/ja300034j. PMID 22475173. — has 10 citing articles as of September 2012, many of which discuss efficiency and cost of air and flue recovery.
- 2</sub> from Air"},"journal":{"wt":"Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research"},"volume":{"wt":"51"},"issue":{"wt":"25"},"pages":{"wt":"8631–45"},"doi":{"wt":"10.1021/ie300691c"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwAd0"/>Kulkarni, Ambarish R.; Sholl, David S. (2012). "Analysis of Equilibrium-Based TSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO2 from Air". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 51 (25): 8631–45. doi:10.1021/ie300691c. — claims USD $100/ton CO2 extraction from air, not counting capital expenses.
