Referensi
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 11 May 2015. Diakses tanggal 26 October 2014.
- 1 2 "Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
- ↑ Salomé Legrand (2013-01-14). "Qui sont les islamistes à qui la France a déclaré la guerre?". Francetvinfo.fr. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-22.
- 1 2 Maclean, Ruth; O'Reilly, Finbarr (March 29, 2020). "Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War". The New York Times.
- 1 2 3 4 "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010.
- ↑ AFRICOM kicks off Operation Flintlock to counter jihadism in Africa Diarsipkan 2016-08-17 di Wayback Machine.. 12 February 2016.
- ↑ "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal December 5, 2014.
- ↑ "War on Isis: British Special Forces ambushed by Islamic State suicide bombers in Libya". International Business Times. 1 May 2016.
- ↑ Forces, Swedish Armed. "Swedish Special Forces to Mali". Försvarsmakten (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-11-18.
- ↑ "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 Februari 2011. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 24 Desember 2012.
- ↑ "The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)". fmn.dk. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2020-09-26. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-25.
- ↑ "300 British troops deploy to Mali on UN Peacekeeping Mission". More than 200 Portuguese troops deployed on UN peacekeeping mission to Central African Republic. Algarve Daily News, 2019
- ↑ "Mali receives helicopters and weapons from Russia". Al Jazeera. October 1, 2021.
- ↑ "Turkey extends troops deployment in Mali, CAR". Yeni Safak. 9 October 2019. Diakses tanggal 30 July 2023.
- ↑ "Turkey extends its military presence in Africa". Atalayar. 22 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 30 July 2023.
- ↑ "Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
- ↑
- ↑ "Al-Qaeda Tunisia offshoot offers backing to ISIS". 20 September 2014.
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- ↑
"French forces in Mali kill Islamist on U.S. wanted list". Reuters. 11 December 2014. Diakses tanggal 11 December 2014.
- ↑ "Algeria, Tunisia discuss military co-operation". Zawya. 22 July 2014.
- ↑ "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-22.
- ↑ "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist.
- ↑ "US, Mali Armies Kick off Exercise Atlas Accord; Postpone Exercise Flintlock". Defense Web. 13 February 2012.
- ↑ African Lion 12 ready to roar: marine forces in Africa conducts final planning conference, DVIDs hub
- ↑ Freeman, Colin (12 June 2014). "Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia". Diakses tanggal 1 September 2014.
- ↑ "Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa". BBC News. 2013-01-17. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2016.
- ↑ "Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter". Reuters. 11 February 2008.
- ↑ "Meeting Tunisia's Ansar al-Sharia". Foreign Policy. 8 March 2013. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 3 December 2013. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2014.
- ↑ Maggie Michael & Hamza Hendawi (18 September 2012). "A Benghazi power, Libya militia eyed in attack". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 21 September 2012. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2014.
- ↑ "Terrorist Organization Profile – START – National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 12 October 2017. Diakses tanggal 13 May 2016.
- ↑ "Obama Is Pressed to Open Military Front Against ISIS in Libya". The New York Times. 4 February 2016. Diakses tanggal 5 February 2016.
- ↑ "ISIL's presence in Libya grows to 5,000 fighters". Al Jazeera.
- ↑ Sciutto, Jim; Starr, Barbara; Liptak, Kevin (4 February 2016). "More ISIS fighters in Libya; fewer in Syria and Iraq". CNN.
- ↑ "How Gaddafi's anti-aircraft missiles are falling into the hands of Isis". The Independent. Mar 11, 2016. Diakses tanggal Oct 17, 2019.
- ↑ "Algerian Army Kills Militant Leader Linked to Beheading of French Hostage". The New York Times. 24 December 2014. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2016.
- ↑ Freeman, Colin (12 June 2014). "Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia". Diakses tanggal 29 August 2014.
- ↑ "56 Die in Algerian Attacks". Los Angeles Times. AP. 6 January 2003.
- ↑ "Freedom in the World 2003: Algeria". Freedom House. 1 December 2002. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 16 November 2018. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2017.
- ↑
- 1 2 3 4 Bergner, Jeffrey T. (2008). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008: Vols. I and II: Joint Committee Print, U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate. DIANE Publishing. hlm. 1877. ISBN 978-1-4379-0522-9.
- ↑ "Algeria (1962-Present)". University of Central Arkansas Department of Political Science. Diakses tanggal April 27, 2024.
- ↑ "Violent Deaths in 2014 & 2015". Libya Body Count. Diakses tanggal 10 October 2015.
- ↑ "Realtime Data (2017)". ACLED. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-09-19. Diakses tanggal 2017-11-03.
- ↑ "ACLED Data (2018)". ACLED. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal February 12, 2018. Diakses tanggal February 1, 2018.
- ↑ "LIBYA 2015/2016". Amnesty International.
- ↑ Bacon, Tricia; Warner, Jason (8 September 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (ed.). "Twenty Years After 9/11: The Threat in Africa—The New Epicenter of Global Jihadi Terror" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 14 (7). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 76–92. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi aslinya tanggal 8 September 2021. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2021.
- 1 2 "Jihadists' Surge in North Africa Reveals Grim Side of Arab Spring". The New York Times. 19 January 2013.
- ↑ "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal December 5, 2014.
- ↑ "Al Qaeda in North Africa seeks Arab Spring jihad". CBS News. 15 August 2011.
- ↑ "Moroccan Salafi Group hijacks Arab Spring". Asharq Al-Awsat. 3 October 2011. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 11 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 17 January 2017.
- ↑ "Obama and the Maghreb in the Wake of the Arab Spring". Middle East Institute. 7 November 2014.
- ↑ "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
- ↑ "U.S. commander sees al Qaeda Africa group strengthening". Reuters. 13 February 2016.