Hiperaktivitas adalah keadaan psikologis atau fisik dengan aktivitas yang sangat tinggi, gejala dari kondisi medis atau kejiwaan tertentu, dan sindrom psikologis yang umum. Sebagai deskripsi perilaku, hiperaktivitas mencakup peningkatan gerakan seperti gelisah atau gerakan terus-menerus, terlalu banyak bicara, kesulitan berkonsentrasi, dan manifestasi lainnya.[1][2]
Istilah percakapan hyper adalah singkatan dari hyperactive.[3]
Penyebab
Diet
Kepercayaan populer dan laporan dalam literatur medis dan ilmiah telah menghubungkan berbagai paparan diet dengan hiperaktivitas. Meskipun kekhawatiran telah diungkapkan tentang hubungan antara zat aditif makanan dan hiperaktivitas, tidak ada bukti yang jelas tentang hubungan sebab-akibat.[19]
Konsumsi Gula
Sebagian besar penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan antara gula dan hiperaktivitas.[20][21][22] Terlepas dari itu, penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada korelasi antara gula dan hiperaktivitas.[23]
Pewarna dan Aditif Makanan
Pada abad ke-20, kepercayaan publik yang meluas bahwa pewarna makanan buatan menyebabkan hiperaktivitas mirip ADHD pada anak-anak berasal dari Benjamin Feingold, seorang ahli alergi anak dari California, yang pada tahun 1973 mengusulkan bahwa salisilat, pewarna buatan, dan perasa buatan menyebabkan hiperaktivitas pada anak-anak.[24] Namun, tidak ada bukti klinis yang mendukung klaim luas bahwa pewarna makanan menyebabkan intoleransi makanan dan perilaku mirip ADHD pada anak-anak.[25]: 452 [26] Ada kemungkinan bahwa pewarna makanan tertentu dapat bertindak sebagai pemicu pada mereka yang memiliki predisposisi genetik.[27][28]
Badan Standar Makanan Britania Raya (Food Standards Agency) menugaskan sebuah studi tentang enam pewarna makanan, yang disebut Southampton 6 (tartrazina, Allura Red AC (Red 40), Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow, carmoisine), dan natrium benzoat (pengawet) pada anak-anak di populasi umum, yang mengonsumsinya dalam minuman. Studi tersebut menemukan "kemungkinan hubungan antara konsumsi pewarna buatan ini dan pengawet natrium benzoat dengan peningkatan hiperaktivitas" pada anak-anak;[27][29] komite penasihat FSA yang mengevaluasi studi tersebut juga menetapkan bahwa karena keterbatasan studi, hasilnya tidak dapat diekstrapolasi ke populasi umum, dan pengujian lebih lanjut direkomendasikan.[27]
Referensi
- ↑ Spetter, D., Wertlieb, D. and Vashcencko, M.V. (2010). Hyperactivity. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (eds I.B. Weiner and W.E. Craighead). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0424
- ↑ "Hyperactivity". MedlinePlus. April 1, 2024. Diakses tanggal October 4, 2025.
- ↑ Thorne, Tony (2014-02-27). "hyper". Dictionary of Contemporary Slang. Bloomsbury Publishing. hlm. 228. ISBN 978-1-4081-8181-2. Diakses tanggal 2025-10-04.
- ↑ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Edisi 5th). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. hlm. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ↑ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Edisi Fifth, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. February 2022. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6. OCLC 1288423302.
- ↑ "6A05 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". International Classification of Diseases (Edisi 11th). February 2022 [2019]. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 1 August 2018. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2022.
- ↑ Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, Thome J, Dom G, Kasper S, Nunes Filipe C, Stes S, Mohr P, Leppämäki S, Casas M, Bobes J, Mccarthy JM, Richarte V, Kjems Philipsen A, Pehlivanidis A, Niemela A, Styr B, Semerci B, Bolea-Alamanac B, Edvinsson D, Baeyens D, Wynchank D, Sobanski E, Philipsen A, McNicholas F, Caci H, Mihailescu I, Manor I, Dobrescu I, Saito T, Krause J, Fayyad J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Foeken K, Rad F, Adamou M, Ohlmeier M, Fitzgerald M, Gill M, Lensing M, Motavalli Mukaddes N, Brudkiewicz P, Gustafsson P, Tani P, Oswald P, Carpentier PJ, De Rossi P, Delorme R, Markovska Simoska S, Pallanti S, Young S, Bejerot S, Lehtonen T, Kustow J, Müller-Sedgwick U, Hirvikoski T, Pironti V, Ginsberg Y, Félegyházy Z, Garcia-Portilla MP, Asherson P (February 2019). "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD". European Psychiatry. 56 (1): 14–34. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001. hdl:10651/51910. PMID 30453134.
- ↑ Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, Newcorn JH, Gignac M, Al Saud NM, Manor I, Rohde LA, Yang L, Cortese S, Almagor D, Stein MA, Albatti TH, Aljoudi HF, Alqahtani MM, Asherson P, Atwoli L, Bölte S, Buitelaar JK, Crunelle CL, Daley D, Dalsgaard S, Döpfner M, Espinet S, Fitzgerald M, Franke B, Gerlach M, Haavik J, Hartman CA, Hartung CM, Hinshaw SP, Hoekstra PJ, Hollis C, Kollins SH, Sandra Kooij JJ, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Li T, Liu J, Merzon E, Mattingly G, Mattos P, McCarthy S, Mikami AY, Molina BS, Nigg JT, Purper-Ouakil D, Omigbodun OO, Polanczyk GV, Pollak Y, Poulton AS, Rajkumar RP, Reding A, Reif A, Rubia K, Rucklidge J, Romanos M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Schellekens A, Scheres A, Schoeman R, Schweitzer JB, Shah H, Solanto MV, Sonuga-Barke E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Swanson JM, Thapar A, Tripp G, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Van der Oord S, Venter A, Vitiello B, Walitza S, Wang Y (September 2021). "The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 128. Elsevier BV: 789–818. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022. ISSN 0149-7634. PMC 8328933. PMID 33549739.
- ↑ [4][5][6][7][8]
- ↑ Pievsky MA, McGrath RE (March 2018). "The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 33 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1093/arclin/acx055. PMID 29106438.
- ↑ Schoechlin C, Engel RR (August 2005). "Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 20 (6): 727–744. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005. PMID 15953706.
- ↑ Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277. PMID 23247506.
- ↑ Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, Jahanshad N, Sudre G, Wolfers T, Earl EA, Soliva Vila JC, Vives-Gilabert Y, Khadka S, Novotny SE, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Schweren LJ, Ambrosino S, Oranje B, de Zeeuw P, Chaim-Avancini TM, Rosa PG, Zanetti MV, Malpas CB, Kohls G, von Polier GG, Seitz J, Biederman J, Doyle AE, Dale AM, van Erp TG, Epstein JN, Jernigan TL, Baur-Streubel R, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Schrantee A, Høvik MF, Lundervold AJ, Kelly C, McCarthy H, Skokauskas N, O'Gorman Tuura RL, Calvo A, Lera-Miguel S, Nicolau R, Chantiluke KC, Christakou A, Vance A, Cercignani M, Gabel MC, Asherson P, Baumeister S, Brandeis D, Hohmann S, Bramati IE, Tovar-Moll F, Fallgatter AJ, Kardatzki B, Schwarz L, Anikin A, Baranov A, Gogberashvili T, Kapilushniy D, Solovieva A, El Marroun H, White T, Karkashadze G, Namazova-Baranova L, Ethofer T, Mattos P, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Plessen KJ, Kuntsi J, Mehta MA, Paloyelis Y, Harrison NA, Bellgrove MA, Silk TJ, Cubillo AI, Rubia K, Lazaro L, Brem S, Walitza S, Frodl T, Zentis M, Castellanos FX, Yoncheva YN, Haavik J, Reneman L, Conzelmann A, Lesch KP, Pauli P, Reif A, Tamm L, Konrad K, Oberwelland Weiss E, Busatto GF, Louza MR, Durston S, Hoekstra PJ, Oosterlaan J, Stevens MC, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Vilarroya O, Fair DA, Nigg JT, Thompson PM, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Shaw P, Tiemeier H, Bralten J, Franke B (July 2019). "Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 176 (7): 531–542. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033. PMC 6879185. PMID 31014101.
- ↑ Brown TE (October 2008). "ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice". Current Psychiatry Reports. 10 (5): 407–411. doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7. PMID 18803914. S2CID 146463279.
- ↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". Dalam Sydor A, Brown RY (ed.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (Edisi 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. hlm. 148, 154–157. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
DA has multiple actions in the prefrontal cortex. It promotes the 'cognitive control' of behavior: the selection and successful monitoring of behavior to facilitate attainment of chosen goals. Aspects of cognitive control in which DA plays a role include working memory, the ability to hold information 'on line' in order to guide actions, suppression of prepotent behaviors that compete with goal-directed actions, and control of attention and thus the ability to overcome distractions. Cognitive control is impaired in several disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ... Noradrenergic projections from the LC thus interact with dopaminergic projections from the VTA to regulate cognitive control. ... it has not been shown that 5HT makes a therapeutic contribution to treatment of ADHD.
- ↑ Diamond A (2013). "Executive functions". Annual Review of Psychology. 64: 135–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. PMC 4084861. PMID 23020641.
EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not.
- ↑ Antshel KM, Hier BO, Barkley RA (2014). "Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD". Dalam Goldstein S, Naglieri JA (ed.). Handbook of Executive Functioning. New York, NY: Springer. hlm. 107–120. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7. ISBN 978-1-4614-8106-5.
- ↑ [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
- ↑ Amchova P, Kotolova H, Ruda-Kucerova J (December 2015). "Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 73 (3): 914–22. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.026. PMID 26404013.
- ↑ "Sweet disorder a hyper myth". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 4 February 1994. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 13 August 2014.
- ↑ Busting the sugar-hyperactivity myth CNN
- ↑ Cecil Adams (2008-02-15). "Does giving sweets to kids produce a "sugar rush?"". The Straight Dope. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-31.
- ↑ Hoover, Daniel; Milich, Richard (1994). "Effects of sugar ingestion expectancies on mother-child interactions". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 22 (4): 501–515. doi:10.1007/bf02168088. PMID 7963081.
- ↑ Feingold, B.F. (1973). Introduction to clinical allergy. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-02797-1.
- ↑ Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S. Food Additives – General pp. 449–454 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013. ISBN 9780123786135
- ↑ Kavale KA, Forness SR (1983). "Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis". Journal of Learning Disabilities. 16 (6): 324–330. doi:10.1177/002221948301600604. ISSN 0022-2194. PMID 6886553. S2CID 41744679.
- 1 2 3 FDA (March 30, 2011). "Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children:date" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-05-02.
- ↑ Millichap JG, Yee MM (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Pediatrics. 129 (2): 330–337. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. PMID 22232312. S2CID 14925322.
- ↑ Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. March 2011 [Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages]
