Universitas Al-Qarawiyyin

Universitas Al-Qarawiyyin
'جامعة القرويين Jāmi`at al-Qarawīīn
bagian dalam masjid dan universitas Al-Qarawiyyin
Jenis	sekarang: Islam dulu: Pengetahuan umum
Didirikan	859^[1]^[2]^[3] 1947 sebagai universitas modern
Afiliasi	Sunni
Presiden	Dr. Amal Jalal
Lokasi	Fes , Maroko
Kampus	Perkotaan
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Universitas al-Qarawiyyin (bahasa Arab: جامعة القرويين, romanisasi: Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn), juga ditulis Al-Karaouine atau Al Quaraouiyine, adalah sebuah universitas yang terletak di Fez, Maroko. Al-Karaouine didirikan sebagai sebuah masjid oleh Fatima al-Fihri pada tahun 857–859 dan kemudian menjadi salah satu pusat spiritual dan pendidikan terkemuka di Zaman Keemasan Islam. Al-Karaouine dimasukkan ke dalam sistem universitas negeri modern Maroko pada tahun 1963 dan secara resmi berganti nama menjadi "Universitas Al Quaraouiyine" dua tahun kemudian.^[4] Bangunan masjid itu sendiri juga merupakan kompleks penting arsitektur Maroko dan Islam bersejarah yang menampilkan unsur-unsur dari berbagai periode sejarah Maroko.^[5]

Para cendekiawan menganggap al-Qarawiyyin secara efektif dijalankan sebagai madrasah hingga setelah Perang Dunia II.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Banyak sarjana membedakan status ini dari status "universitas", yang mereka anggap sebagai penemuan khas Eropa.^[11]^[12] Mereka menetapkan transformasi al-Qarawiyyin dari madrasah menjadi universitas pada reorganisasi modernnya pada tahun 1963.^[4]^[13]^[7] UNESCO dan Guinness World Records telah menyebut al-Qarawiyyin sebagai universitas tertua atau lembaga pendidikan tinggi tertua yang terus beroperasi di dunia.^[14]^[15]

Pendidikan di Universitas al-Qarawiyyin berfokus pada ilmu agama dan hukum Islam dengan penekanan yang kuat pada, dan kekuatan khusus pada, tata bahasa/linguistik Arab Klasik dan Syariah Maliki, meskipun pelajaran tentang mata pelajaran non-Islam juga ditawarkan kepada mahasiswa. Pengajaran masih disampaikan dengan metode tradisional.^[16] Universitas ini dihadiri oleh mahasiswa dari seluruh Maroko dan Afrika Barat Muslim, dengan beberapa juga datang dari luar negeri. Perempuan pertama kali diterima di institusi ini pada tahun 1940-an setelah gerakan perempuan menekan pemerintah kolonial Prancis pada saat itu.^[17]

Sejarah

Pendirian di abad pertengahan

Al-Qarawiyyin adalah bagian dari masjid, didirikan pada tahun 859 oleh Fatima al-Fihria, putri seorang pedagang kaya bernama Muhammad Al-Fihri. Keluarga Al-Fihri telah bermigrasi dari Kairouan (di sinilah asal nama masjid), Tunisia ke Fes pada awal abad ke-9, bergabung dengan komunitas pendatang lainnya dari Kairouan yang telah menetap di sebuah distrik barat kota. Fatima dan kakaknya Mariam, baik dari mereka berpendidikan, mewarisi sejumlah besar uang dari ayah mereka. Fatima berjanji untuk menghabiskan seluruh warisannya pada pembangunan masjid yang cocok untuk komunitasnya.^[18]

Selain tempat untuk ibadah, masjid segera berkembang menjadi tempat untuk pelajaran agama dan diskusi politik, secara bertahap memperluas pendidikan untuk berbagai mata pelajaran, khususnya ilmu alam.

Al-Qarawiyyin memperoleh perlindungan politik kuat dari Sultan. Dikompilasi banyak pilihan manuskrip yang disimpan di perpustakaan yang didirikan oleh Sultan Abu Inan Faris dari Dinasti Marinid pada tahun 1349. Di antara naskah yang paling berharga saat ini disimpan di perpustakaan adalah jilid dari yang terkenal Al-Muwatta dari Malik yang ditulis pada perkamen kijang, Sirat Ibn Ishaq, salinan Al Qur'an yang diberikan oleh Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur pada tahun 1602, dan salinan asli dari buku Ibnu Khaldun Al-'Ibar.^[19] Di antara mata pelajaran yang diajarkan, di samping Al Qur'an dan Fiqih (hukum Islam), adalah tata bahasa, retorika, logika, kedokteran, matematika, astronomi, kimia, sejarah, geografi dan musik.

Al-Qarawiyyin dimainkan, pada abad pertengahan, peran utama dalam pertukaran budaya dan transfer pengetahuan antara Muslim dan Eropa. Pelopor akademisi seperti Ibnu Maimun (Maimonides), (1135–1204),^[20] Al-Idrissi (w.1166 M), Ibnu al-Arabi (1165-1240 M), Ibnu Khaldun (1332-1395 M), Ibnu al-Khatib, Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius), Ibnu Hirzihim, dan Al-Wazzan semua terhubung dengan Universitas baik sebagai mahasiswa atau dosen. Di antara cendekiawan Kristen mengunjungi Al-Qarawiyyin adalah tokoh Belgia Nicolas Cleynaerts dan tokoh Belanda Golius.^[19]

Universitas modern

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Al-Qarawiyyin menjadi universitas modern pada tahun 1947, dengan memberikan gelar akademik.^[8]

Pada tahun 1975, Studi Umum dialihkan kepada yang baru didirikan yang bernama Universitas Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah; Al-Qarawiyyin tetap pada program studi Islam dan studi teologis.^{[butuh rujukan]}

Arsitektur masjid

Dinasti berturut-turut memperluas masjid Al-Qarawiyyin sampai menjadi yang terbesar di Afrika Utara, dengan kapasitas lebih dari 20.000 jamaah. Dibandingkan dengan masjid besar Isfahan atau Istanbul, desain ini sederhana. Kolom dan lengkungan yang polos putih, lantai tercakup dalam buluh tikar, karpet tidak subur. Namun hutan yang tampaknya tak berujung lengkung menciptakan rasa keagungan yang tak terbatas dan privasi intim, sementara kesederhanaan desain melengkapi relung yang dihiasi halus, mimbar dan halaman luar, dengan ubin yang luar biasa, semen gips, ukiran kayu dan lukisan.

Bentuk sekarang dari masjid ini adalah hasil dari evolusi sejarah yang panjang selama lebih dari 1.000 tahun. Awalnya masjid sekitar 30 meter dengan halaman dan empat lorong melintang. Perluasan pertama dilakukan pada 956, berdasarkan Khalifah Kordoba Umayyah, Abd-ar-Rahman III. Ruang sholat diperpanjang dan menara dipindahkan, mengambil bentuk persegi yang berfungsi sebagai model untuk menara Afrika Utara yang tak terhitung jumlahnya. Pada saat ini menjadi sebuah tradisi bahwa masjid lainnya di Fes akan membuat ajakan untuk salat hanya setelah mereka mendengar Al-Qarawiyyin. Dalam menara masjid Al-Qarawiyyin ada ruang khusus, Dar al-Muwaqqit ("rumah juru waktu"), di mana waktu salat ditetapkan.

Rekonstruksi yang paling luas dilakukan pada 1135 di bawah perlindungan dari pemimpin Almoravid sultan Ali bin Yusuf yang memerintahkan perpanjangan masjid dari 18 sampai 21 lorong, memperluas struktur lebih dari 3.000 meter persegi . Masjid ini memperoleh penampilan yang sekarang saat ini, menampilkan lengkungan tapal kuda dan bingkai ijmiz dihiasi dengan seni Andalusia yang indah dan geometris, yang dibatasi dengan kaligrafi Kufi.

Pada abad 16, Saadi memulihkan masjid, menambahkan dua teras sampai ke ujung utara dan selatan halaman.

Alumni terkenal

Referensi dan catatan

↑ "Qarawiyin". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 8 December 2011.
↑ The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. "
↑ Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. hlm. 328. ISBN 0-1951-2559-2.
1 2 Lulat 2005, hlm. 154–157.
↑ Terrasse 1968.
↑ Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, p. 70:
As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and Al Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain [...] Al-Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.
1 2 Belhachmi, Zakia (2008). Women, Education, and Science within the Arab-Islamic Socio-Cultural History: Legacies for Social Change (dalam bahasa Inggris). Brill. hlm. 91. ISBN 978-90-8790-579-8. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madaris combined both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in three different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.
1 2 Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6, p. 1025:
Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The mosque school, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in 1947.
↑ Tibawi 1980, hlm. 287: "(...) there is very little to distinguish it from other similar institutions that go under the general description of madrasah."
↑ Sabki, A'ishah Ahmad; Hardaker, Glenn (2013-08-01). "The madrasah concept of Islamic pedagogy". Educational Review. 65 (3): 343. doi:10.1080/00131911.2012.668873. ISSN 0013-1911. S2CID 144718475. Traditionalist curriculum is conventionally focused and is naturally open to diverse influences that also represent a traditional Islamic way (Nadwi 2007). For example many madrasah teachers are versed in Islamic pedagogy but also in modern university pedagogic developments such as behaviourist, cognitivist and the more recent constructivist styles. Al-Qarawiyyin University, in Morocco, represents such an institution that is grounded in a traditional madrasah education but for example, continues to adopt ancillary subjects and modern technologies such as mobile learning.
↑ Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.):
In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other, and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot, therefore, be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the madrasa and the university. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university".
↑
↑ Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: Historical Dictionary of Morocco, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8108-5341-6, p. 348
al-qarawiyin is the oldest university in Morocco. It was founded as a mosque in Fès in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of Islamic sciences and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare graduates for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the dean's residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four colleges located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and madrasas. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in Tétouan, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in Marrakech (all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near Agadir, which was founded in 1979.
↑ "Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university". Guinness World Records (dalam bahasa Inggris (Britania)). Diakses tanggal 2020-07-30.
↑
↑
↑ Ahmed 2016, hlm. 474–475.
↑ see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447 Diarsipkan 2009-01-15 di Wayback Machine..
1 2 see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447 Diarsipkan 2009-01-15 di Wayback Machine.,
↑ Kenneth Seeskin, The Cambridge companion to Maimonides, Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 18, He is said to have received "formal medical training while residing in Fez."

Lihat pula

Dar al-Muwaqqit ('rumah jam' Al-Qarawiyyin)
Daftar universitas di Maroko
Daftar universitas tertua yang masih beroperasi
Pendidikan di Maroko

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Al-Qarawiyyin.

ISESCO: Fez 2007 Diarsipkan 2008-12-11 di Wayback Machine.
UNIVERSITE QUARAOUIYINE - Fes Diarsipkan 2011-07-22 di Wayback Machine. (french)
Voice of America Article (Urdu)

34°3′52″N 4°58′24″W / 34.06444°N 4.97333°W / 34.06444; -4.97333[[Sistem koordinat geografis|Koordinat]]: <templatestyles src=\"Module:Coordinates/styles.css\"></templatestyles>[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=id&pagename=Universitas_Al-Qarawiyyin&params=34_3_52_N_4_58_24_W_type:landmark_region:MA_source:dewiki 34°3′52″N 4°58′24″W / 34.06444°N 4.97333°W / 34.06444; -4.97333][[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]"},"html":"<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"./Sistem_koordinat_geografis\" title=\"Sistem koordinat geografis\" id=\"mwAaU\">Koordinat</a>: <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28112010\" about=\"#mwt75\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/templatestyles\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Coordinates/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"}}' id=\"mwAaY\"/><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=id&pagename=Universitas_Al-Qarawiyyin&params=34_3_52_N_4_58_24_W_type:landmark_region:MA_source:dewiki\" class=\"external text\" id=\"mwAag\">34°3′52″N 4°58′24″W / 34.06444°N 4.97333°W / 34.06444; -4.97333</a><link rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" href=\"./Kategori:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas\" id=\"mwAbU\"/>"}' id="mwAbY"/>

[EB-1] "Qarawiyin". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 8 December 2011.

[oxford-2] The Report: Morocco 2009 - Page 252 Oxford Business Group "... yet for many Morocco's cultural, artistic and spiritual capital remains Fez. The best-preserved ... School has been in session at Karaouine University since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. "

[founding-3] Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. hlm. 328. ISBN 0-1951-2559-2.

[FOOTNOTELulat2005154–157-4] 1 2 Lulat 2005, hlm. 154–157.

[FOOTNOTETerrasse1968-5] Terrasse 1968.

[Lulat_2005,_70-6] Lulat, Y. G.-M.: A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3, p. 70:
As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and Al Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain [...] Al-Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.

[Belhachmi_2008-7] 1 2 Belhachmi, Zakia (2008). Women, Education, and Science within the Arab-Islamic Socio-Cultural History: Legacies for Social Change (dalam bahasa Inggris). Brill. hlm. 91. ISBN 978-90-8790-579-8. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madaris combined both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in three different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

[Shillington_2005,_1025-8] 1 2 Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6, p. 1025:
Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The mosque school, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in 1947.

[:0-9] Tibawi 1980, hlm. 287: "(...) there is very little to distinguish it from other similar institutions that go under the general description of madrasah."

[:37-10] Sabki, A'ishah Ahmad; Hardaker, Glenn (2013-08-01). "The madrasah concept of Islamic pedagogy". Educational Review. 65 (3): 343. doi:10.1080/00131911.2012.668873. ISSN 0013-1911. S2CID 144718475. Traditionalist curriculum is conventionally focused and is naturally open to diverse influences that also represent a traditional Islamic way (Nadwi 2007). For example many madrasah teachers are versed in Islamic pedagogy but also in modern university pedagogic developments such as behaviourist, cognitivist and the more recent constructivist styles. Al-Qarawiyyin University, in Morocco, represents such an institution that is grounded in a traditional madrasah education but for example, continues to adopt ancillary subjects and modern technologies such as mobile learning.

[:17-11] Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.):
In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other, and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot, therefore, be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the madrasa and the university. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university".

[:4-12] ↑

[Park_&_Boum_2006,_348_with_quote-13] Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: Historical Dictionary of Morocco, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8108-5341-6, p. 348
al-qarawiyin is the oldest university in Morocco. It was founded as a mosque in Fès in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of Islamic sciences and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare graduates for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the dean's residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four colleges located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and madrasas. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in Tétouan, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in Marrakech (all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near Agadir, which was founded in 1979.

[14] "Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university". Guinness World Records (dalam bahasa Inggris (Britania)). Diakses tanggal 2020-07-30.

[UNESCO_old-15] ↑

[:35-16] ↑

[FOOTNOTEAhmed2016474–475-17] Ahmed 2016, hlm. 474–475.

[18] see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447 Diarsipkan 2009-01-15 di Wayback Machine..

[muslimheritage.com-19] 1 2 see R. Saoud article on http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=447 Diarsipkan 2009-01-15 di Wayback Machine.,

[20] Kenneth Seeskin, The Cambridge companion to Maimonides, Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 18, He is said to have received "formal medical training while residing in Fez."

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