Toksikan

Toxic substanceTemplat:SHORTDESC:Toxic substance

Toksikan adalah toksik apa pun, baik buatan maupun alami.^[1] Sebaliknya, toksin adalah racun yang diproduksi secara alami oleh suatu organisme (misalnya tumbuhan, hewan, bakteri).^[2] Berbagai jenis zat beracun^[3] dapat ditemukan di udara, tanah, air, atau makanan.^[4]

Keberadaan

Toksikan dapat ditemukan di udara, tanah, air, atau makanan.^[4] Manusia dapat terpapar toksikan lingkungan.^[5] Ikan dapat mengandung toksikan lingkungan.^[6] Asap tembakau mengandung toksikan.^[7] Aerosol rokok elektrik juga mengandung toksikan.^[8] Emisi produk tembakau yang dipanaskan tanpa dibakar mengandung toksikan.^[9] Sebagian besar logam berat adalah toksikan.^[10] Asap knalpot diesel mengandung toksikan.^[11] Pestisida, benzena, dan serat mirip asbes seperti tabung nano karbon adalah toksikan.^[12] Kemungkinan toksikan yang dapat berkembang meliputi ftalat, fenol, tabir surya, pestisida, penghambat api berhalogen, lapisan perfluoroalkil, nanopartikel, rokok elektronik, dan polifenol makanan.^[13]

Istilah terkait

Sebaliknya, toksin adalah zat beracun yang diproduksi secara alami oleh suatu organisme (misalnya tumbuhan, hewan).^[2] Buku tahun 2011 yakni A Textbook of Modern Toxicology menyatakan, "Toksin adalah toksikan yang diproduksi oleh organisme hidup dan tidak digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk toksikan—semua toksin adalah toksikan, tetapi tidak semua toksikan adalah toksin. Toksin, baik yang diproduksi oleh hewan, tumbuhan, serangga, atau mikroba, umumnya merupakan produk metabolisme yang telah berevolusi sebagai mekanisme pertahanan untuk tujuan mengusir atau membunuh predator atau patogen."^[14]

Biosida diklasifikasikan sebagai zat toksikan pengoksidasi atau non-pengoksidasi. Klorin adalah zat toksikan pengoksidasi yang paling umum diproduksi.^[15] Klorin secara luas ditambahkan ke air minum untuk mendisinfeksinya.^[16] Zat toksikan non-pengoksidasi meliputi isotiazolinona dan senyawa amonium kuarterner.^[17]

Zat memabukkan adalah zat yang memabukkan seperti minuman beralkohol.^[18] Zat memabukkan adalah zat yang mengganggu budi dan menyebabkan seseorang berada dalam keadaan mental yang bervariasi dari kegembiraan hingga kelesuan.^[19]

Referensi

↑ Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Paul J. van den Brink, Reinier M. Mann (9 September 2011). Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals. Francisco Sanchez-Bayo. hlm. 6–. ISBN 978-1-60805-121-2. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
1 2 "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - toxin". National Cancer Institute.
↑ Stanley Manahan; Stanley E. Manahan (17 December 2009). Environmental Chemistry, Ninth Edition. CRC Press. hlm. 629–. ISBN 978-1-4398-8247-4.
1 2 Ernest Hodgson (20 September 2011). A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 88–. ISBN 978-1-118-21129-8.
↑ Preston, Joshua D.; Reynolds, Leryn J.; Pearson, Kevin J. (2018). "Developmental Origins of Health Span and Life Span: A Mini-Review". Gerontology. 64 (3): 237–245. doi:10.1159/000485506. ISSN 0304-324X. PMC 5876086. PMID 29324453.
↑ Gaskins, Audrey J.; Chavarro, Jorge E. (2018). "Diet and fertility: a review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 218 (4): 379–389. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010. ISSN 0002-9378. PMC 5826784. PMID 28844822.
↑ Breland, Alison; Soule, Eric; Lopez, Alexa; Ramôa, Carolina; El-Hellani, Ahmad; Eissenberg, Thomas (2017). "Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1394 (1): 5–30. Bibcode:2017NYASA1394....5B. doi:10.1111/nyas.12977. ISSN 0077-8923. PMC 4947026. PMID 26774031.
↑ Perikleous, Evanthia P.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Paraskakis, Emmanouil; Constantinidis, Theodoros C.; Nena, Evangelia (2018). "E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents: An Overview of the Literature and Future Perspectives". Frontiers in Public Health. 6: 86. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00086. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5879739. PMID 29632856.
↑ Li, Gerard; Saad, Sonia; Oliver, Brian; Chen, Hui (2018). "Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome". Toxics. 6 (3): 43. Bibcode:2018Toxic...6...43L. doi:10.3390/toxics6030043. ISSN 2305-6304. PMC 6160993. PMID 30071638.
↑ Kim, Hyun Soo; Kim, Yeo Jin; Seo, Young Rok (2015). "An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention". Journal of Cancer Prevention. 20 (4): 232–240. doi:10.15430/JCP.2015.20.4.232. ISSN 2288-3649. PMC 4699750. PMID 26734585.
↑ Leem, Jong Han; Jang, Young-Kee (2014). "Increase of diesel car raises health risk in spite of recent development in engine technology". Environmental Health and Toxicology. 29 e2014009. doi:10.5620/eht.e2014009. ISSN 2233-6567. PMC 4207092. PMID 25318659.
↑ Costa, Chiara; Miozzi, Edoardo; Teodoro, Michele; Briguglio, Giusi; Rapisarda, Venerando; Fenga, Concettina (2017). "New insights on 'old' toxicants in occupational toxicology". Molecular Medicine Reports. 15 (5): 3317–3322. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6374. ISSN 1791-2997. PMID 28339055.
↑ Wolff, Mary S.; Buckley, Jessie P.; Engel, Stephanie M.; McConnell, Rob S.; Barr, Dana B. (2017). "Emerging exposures of developmental toxicants". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 29 (2): 218–224. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000455. ISSN 1040-8703. PMC 5473289. PMID 28059904.
↑ Ernest Hodgson (20 September 2011). A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 77–. ISBN 978-1-118-21129-8.
↑ Linda Garverick (1 January 1994). Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry. ASM International. hlm. 103–. ISBN 978-0-87170-505-1.
↑ Pilotto, Louis S. (1995). "Disinfection of drinking water, disinfection by-products and cancer: what about Australia?". Australian Journal of Public Health. 19 (1): 89–93. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00304.x. ISSN 1035-7319. PMID 7734603.
↑ Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt; Rodolfo Quintero-Ramirez (18 September 2004). Petroleum Biotechnology: Developments and Perspectives. Elsevier. hlm. 210–. ISBN 978-0-08-047371-0.
↑ Don Salm; Ron Sklansky (2001). Legislation on Recodification of Operating While Intoxicated and Safety Laws Pertaining to Motor Vehicle, All-terrain Vehicle, Boat Or Snowmobile Operation. Wisconsin Legislative Council. hlm. 12–.
↑ Fahd Salem Bahammam (2013). Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam. Modern Guide. hlm. 1–. ISBN 978-1-909322-99-8.

Pranala luar

Media terkait Toxicants di Wikimedia Commons

[Mann2011-1] Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Paul J. van den Brink, Reinier M. Mann (9 September 2011). Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals. Francisco Sanchez-Bayo. hlm. 6–. ISBN 978-1-60805-121-2. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)

[NCI-2] 1 2 "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - toxin". National Cancer Institute.

[Manahan2009-3] Stanley Manahan; Stanley E. Manahan (17 December 2009). Environmental Chemistry, Ninth Edition. CRC Press. hlm. 629–. ISBN 978-1-4398-8247-4.

[Hodgson2011-4] 1 2 Ernest Hodgson (20 September 2011). A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 88–. ISBN 978-1-118-21129-8.

[PrestonReynolds2018-5] Preston, Joshua D.; Reynolds, Leryn J.; Pearson, Kevin J. (2018). "Developmental Origins of Health Span and Life Span: A Mini-Review". Gerontology. 64 (3): 237–245. doi:10.1159/000485506. ISSN 0304-324X. PMC 5876086. PMID 29324453.

[GaskinsChavarro2018-6] Gaskins, Audrey J.; Chavarro, Jorge E. (2018). "Diet and fertility: a review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 218 (4): 379–389. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010. ISSN 0002-9378. PMC 5826784. PMID 28844822.

[BrelandSoule2017-7] Breland, Alison; Soule, Eric; Lopez, Alexa; Ramôa, Carolina; El-Hellani, Ahmad; Eissenberg, Thomas (2017). "Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1394 (1): 5–30. Bibcode:2017NYASA1394....5B. doi:10.1111/nyas.12977. ISSN 0077-8923. PMC 4947026. PMID 26774031.

[PerikleousSteiropoulos2018-8] Perikleous, Evanthia P.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Paraskakis, Emmanouil; Constantinidis, Theodoros C.; Nena, Evangelia (2018). "E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents: An Overview of the Literature and Future Perspectives". Frontiers in Public Health. 6: 86. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00086. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5879739. PMID 29632856.

[LiSaad2018-9] Li, Gerard; Saad, Sonia; Oliver, Brian; Chen, Hui (2018). "Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome". Toxics. 6 (3): 43. Bibcode:2018Toxic...6...43L. doi:10.3390/toxics6030043. ISSN 2305-6304. PMC 6160993. PMID 30071638.

[KimKim2015-10] Kim, Hyun Soo; Kim, Yeo Jin; Seo, Young Rok (2015). "An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention". Journal of Cancer Prevention. 20 (4): 232–240. doi:10.15430/JCP.2015.20.4.232. ISSN 2288-3649. PMC 4699750. PMID 26734585.

[LeemJang2014-11] Leem, Jong Han; Jang, Young-Kee (2014). "Increase of diesel car raises health risk in spite of recent development in engine technology". Environmental Health and Toxicology. 29 e2014009. doi:10.5620/eht.e2014009. ISSN 2233-6567. PMC 4207092. PMID 25318659.

[CostaMiozzi2017-12] Costa, Chiara; Miozzi, Edoardo; Teodoro, Michele; Briguglio, Giusi; Rapisarda, Venerando; Fenga, Concettina (2017). "New insights on 'old' toxicants in occupational toxicology". Molecular Medicine Reports. 15 (5): 3317–3322. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6374. ISSN 1791-2997. PMID 28339055.

[WolffBuckley2017-13] Wolff, Mary S.; Buckley, Jessie P.; Engel, Stephanie M.; McConnell, Rob S.; Barr, Dana B. (2017). "Emerging exposures of developmental toxicants". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 29 (2): 218–224. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000455. ISSN 1040-8703. PMC 5473289. PMID 28059904.

[Hodgson-2011-14] Ernest Hodgson (20 September 2011). A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 77–. ISBN 978-1-118-21129-8.

[Garverick1994-15] Linda Garverick (1 January 1994). Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry. ASM International. hlm. 103–. ISBN 978-0-87170-505-1.

[Pilotto1995-16] Pilotto, Louis S. (1995). "Disinfection of drinking water, disinfection by-products and cancer: what about Australia?". Australian Journal of Public Health. 19 (1): 89–93. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00304.x. ISSN 1035-7319. PMID 7734603.

[Vazquez-DuhaltQuintero-Ramirez2004-17] Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt; Rodolfo Quintero-Ramirez (18 September 2004). Petroleum Biotechnology: Developments and Perspectives. Elsevier. hlm. 210–. ISBN 978-0-08-047371-0.

[SalmSklansky2001-18] Don Salm; Ron Sklansky (2001). Legislation on Recodification of Operating While Intoxicated and Safety Laws Pertaining to Motor Vehicle, All-terrain Vehicle, Boat Or Snowmobile Operation. Wisconsin Legislative Council. hlm. 12–.

[Bahammam2013-19] Fahd Salem Bahammam (2013). Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam. Modern Guide. hlm. 1–. ISBN 978-1-909322-99-8.

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Keberadaan

Istilah terkait

Referensi

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