Percobaan Michelson-Morley, salah satu percobaan paling penting dan masyhur dalam sejarah fisika, dilakukan pada tahun 1887 oleh Albert Michelson dan Edward Morley di tempat yang sekarang menjadi kampus Case Western Reserve University di Cleveland, Ohio, Amerika Serikat. Percobaan ini dianggap sebagai petunjuk pertama terkuat untuk menyangkal keberadaan ether sebagai medium gelombang cahaya. Percobaan ini juga telah disebut sebagai "titik tolak untuk aspek teoretis revolusi ilmiah kedua". Albert Michelson dianugerahi Hadiah Nobel Fisika tahun 1907 terutama untuk melaksanakan percobaan ini.
Dalam percobaan ini Michelson dan Morley berusaha mengukur kecepatan planet Bumi terhadap ether, yang pada waktu itu dianggap sebagai medium perambatan gelombang cahaya. Analisis terhadap hasil percobaan menunjukkan kegagalan pengamatan pergerakan bumi terhadap ether.[2]
Eksperimen sejenis Michelson–Morley ini telah diulangi berkali-kali dengan kepekaan yang bertambah tinggi. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah sejumlah percobaan dari tahun 1902 sampai 1905, dan suatu seri eksperimen pada tahun 1920-an. Percobaan resonator paling baru menguatkan kenyataan tidak adanya angin aether pada tingkat 10−17.[3][4] Bersama dengan percobaan Ives–Stilwell dan Kennedy-Thorndike, percobaan Michelson–Morley merupakan suatu uji teori relativitas spesial yang fundamental.[A 3]
Hasil percobaan
Dalam tabel di bawah ini, nilai-nilai yang diharapkan dikaitkan dengan kecepatan relatif antara Bumi dan Matahari sebesar 30km/detik (=km/s). Dengan perbandingan kecepatan tata surya terhadap pusat galaksi Bima Sakti sebesar 220km/detik, atau kecepatan tata surya relatif terhadap CMB rest frame sekitar 368km/detik, hasil "nol" (null results) percobaan-percobaan ini lebih nyata jelas.
Pengujian optik isotropi kecepatan cahaya menjadi lebih umum.[A 5] Teknologi baru, termasuk penggunaan laser dan maser, telah meningkatkan ketepatan pengukuran secara signifikan.
Pengukuran anisotropi kecepatan cahaya yang berkelakuan sebagai polinomial Legendre pertama dan ketiga. Menggunakan interferometer segitiga, dengan satu bagian jalur dalam kaca.[A 6]
~2.5cm/s
Gambar 9. Percobaan Michelson–Morley dengan resonator optik kriogenik dalam bentuk sebagaimana digunakan oleh Müller et al. (2003).[24]
Percobaan dengan resonator optik
Batas (limit) anisotropi kecepatan cahaya yang dihasilkan dari gerakan Bumi ditetapkan Δc/c≈10−15, di mana Δc adalah perbedaan antara kecepatan cahaya pada arah x dan y.[25]
Frekuensi suatu stationary cryogenic microwave oscillator, terbuat dari sapphire crystal beroperasi dalam suatu whispering gallery mode, dibandingkan dengan suatu maser hidrogen yang frekuensinya dibandingkan dengan jam pancuran atomcaesium dan rubidium. Perubahan dari rotasi bumi dilacak. Memuat analisis data dari tahun 2001–2002.
Dua resonator optik dibuat dari crystalline sapphire, mengontrol frekuensi dua Nd:YAG laser, diletakkan pada sudut siku di dalam suatu helium cryostat. Suatu alat pembanding frekuensi mengukur frekuensi detak output gabungan kedua resonator itu.
Lihat Herrmann et al. (2005) dan Stanwix et al. (2006). Data kedua grup ini yang dikumpulkan dari tahun 2004–2006 digabungkan dan dianalisis lebih lanjut.
Frekuensi sepasang orthogonal oriented optical standing wave cavities dibandingkan. Semua cavities ini diinterogasi oleh suatu Nd:YAG laser. Memuat analisis data tahun 2007–2008.
Mirip dengan Herrmann et al. (2005). Frekuensi sepasang rotating, orthogonal optical Fabry–Pérot resonators dibandingkan. Frekuensi dua Nd:YAG laser distabilkan terhadap resonansi resonator-resonator ini.
Pengujian lain terhadap invariansi Lorentz
Gambar 10. 7Li-NMR spektrum LiCl (1M) dalam D2O. Garis NMR tajam tak terpisah dari isotop lithium ini merupakan bukti isotropi massa dan ruang.
Contoh-contoh percobaan yang tidak didasarkan pada prinsip Michelson–Morley, yaitu pengujian isotropi non-optik yang menghasilkan tingkat ketepatan yang bahkan lebih tinggi, adalah Perbandingan jam atau percobaan Hughes–Drever.[A 7]
↑Michelson, A. A.; Pease, F. G.; Pearson, F. (1929). "Results of repetition of the Michelson–Morley experiment". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 18 (3): 181. Bibcode:1929JOSA...18..181M. doi:10.1364/josa.18.000181.
↑Cedarholm, J. P.; Bland, G. F.; Havens, B. L.; Townes, C. H. (1958). "New Experimental Test of Special Relativity". Physical Review Letters. 1 (9): 342–343. Bibcode:1958PhRvL...1..342C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.342. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Cedarholm, J. P.; Townes, C. H. (1959). "New Experimental Test of Special Relativity". Nature. 184 (4696): 1350–1351. Bibcode:1959Natur.184.1350C. doi:10.1038/1841350a0. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Jaseja, T. S.; Javan, A.; Murray, J.; Townes, C. H. (1964). "Test of Special Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers". Phys. Rev. 133 (5a): 1221–1225. Bibcode:1964PhRv..133.1221J. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.133.A1221. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Shamir, J.; Fox, R. (1969). "A new experimental test of special relativity". Il Nuovo Cimento B. 62 (2): 258–264. Bibcode:1969NCimB..62..258S. doi:10.1007/BF02710136. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Trimmer, William S.; Baierlein, Ralph F.; Faller, James E.; Hill, Henry A. (1973). "Experimental Search for Anisotropy in the Speed of Light". Physical Review D. 8 (10): 3321–3326. Bibcode:1973PhRvD...8.3321T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.8.3321. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Trimmer, William S.; Baierlein, Ralph F.; Faller, James E.; Hill, Henry A. (1974). "Erratum: Experimental search for anisotropy in the speed of light". Physical Review D. 9 (8): 2489–2489. Bibcode:1974PhRvD...9R2489T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.9.2489.2. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Wolf, P.; Tobar, M. E.; Bize, S.; Clairon, A.; Luiten, A. N.; Santarelli, G. (2004). "Whispering Gallery Resonators and Tests of Lorentz Invariance". General Relativity and Gravitation. 36 (10): 2351–2372. arXiv:gr-qc/0401017. Bibcode:2004GReGr..36.2351W. doi:10.1023/B:GERG.0000046188.87741.51. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Stanwix, P. L.; Tobar, M. E.; Wolf, P.; Susli, M.; Locke, C. R.; Ivanov, E. N.; Winterflood, J.; van Kann, F. (2005). "Test of Lorentz Invariance in Electrodynamics Using Rotating Cryogenic Sapphire Microwave Oscillators". Physical Review Letters. 95 (4): 040404. arXiv:hep-ph/0506074. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95d0404S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.040404. PMID16090785. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Stanwix, P. L.; Tobar, M. E.; Wolf, P.; Locke, C. R.; Ivanov, E. N. (2006). "Improved test of Lorentz invariance in electrodynamics using rotating cryogenic sapphire oscillators". Physical Review D. 74 (8): 081101. arXiv:gr-qc/0609072. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74h1101S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.081101. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
↑Müller, H.; Stanwix, Paul L.; Tobar, M. E.; Ivanov, E.; Wolf, P.; Herrmann, S.; Senger, A.; Kovalchuk, E.; Peters, A. (2007). "Relativity tests by complementary rotating Michelson–Morley experiments". Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (5): 050401. arXiv:0706.2031. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99e0401M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.050401. PMID17930733. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
{{cite book\n|title=Mathematics of physics and engineering\n|first1=Edward K.\n|last1=Blum, Sergey V. Lototsky\n|first2=Sergey V.\n|last2=Lototsky\n|publisher=World Scientific\n|year=2006\n|isbn=981-256-621-X\n|page=98\n|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nFRG2UizET0C}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nFRG2UizET0C&pg=PA98 Chapter 2, p. 98 ]\n</ref>\n\n<ref name=dongen>{{Citation\n|author=Jeroen van Dongen\n|year=2009\n|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences\n|title=On the Role of the Michelson–Morley Experiment: Einstein in Chicago\n|pages=655–663\n|issue=6\n|volume=63\n|doi=10.1007/s00407-009-0050-5\n|arxiv=0908.1545}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=einstein>{{cite journal\n|last = Einstein\n|first = A\n|authorlink = Albert Einstein\n|date = June 30, 1905|title = Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper\n|journal = Annalen der Physik\n|volume = 17\n|pages = 890–921\n|url = http://www.pro-physik.de/Phy/pdfs/ger_890_921.pdf\n|language = German\n|format = PDF\n|accessdate = 2009-11-27\n|doi=10.1002/andp.19053221004\n}}{{dead link|date=October 2013}} English translation: {{cite web\n|url =http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/\n|title =On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\n|author =Perrett, W\n|author2 =Jeffery, GB (tr.)\n|author3 =Walker, J (ed.)\n|authorlink3 =John Walker (programmer)\n|publisher =[[Fourmilab]]\n|accessdate =2009-11-27\n}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=einstein2>{{Citation|author=Einstein A.|year=1916|title=[[s:Relativity: The Special and General Theory|Relativity: The Special and General Theory]]|publisher=H. Holt and Company|location=New York}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=Feynman>{{Citation\n|author=Feynman, R.P.\n|year=1970\n|title=The Feynman Lectures on Physics\n|chapter=The Michelson–Morley experiment (15-3)\n|volume=1\n|location=Reading\n|publisher=Addison Wesley Longman\n|isbn=0-201-02115-3}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=Fickinger>{{cite book|first=William|last=Fickinger|title=Physics at a Research University: Case Western Reserve, 1830–1990|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsatresearc0000fick|location=Cleveland|year=2005|isbn=0977338606|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsatresearc0000fick/page/18 18]–22, 48|quote=The Dormitory was located on a now largely unoccupied space between the Biology Building and the Adelbert Gymnasium, both of which still stand on the CWRU campus.}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=hamerla>{{cite book|first=Ralph R.|last=Hamerla|title=An American Scientist on the Research Frontier: Edward Morley, Community, and Radical Ideas in Nineteenth-Century Science|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6EcZa6hutfcC&pg=PA123|year=2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-4089-4|pages=123–152}}</ref>\n-->\n<ref name=haugan>{{cite journal|last=Haugan|first=Mark P.|last2=Will|first2=Clifford M.|title=Modern tests of special relativity|journal=Physics Today|date=May 1987|pages=67–76|accessdate=14 July 2012|url=http://docuserv.ligo.caltech.edu/docs/public/P/P870007-00.pdf|doi=10.1063/1.881074|volume=40|issue=5}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=hoover>{{cite book|first=Earl R.|last=Hoover|title=Cradle of Greatness: National and World Achievements of Ohio's Western Reserve|publisher=Shaker Savings Association|location=Cleveland|year=1977|oclc=2936545 }}</ref>\n<!--\n<ref name=Jan>{{Cite book|last=Janssen|first=Michel|last2=Stachel|first2=John|editor-first=John|editor-last=Stachel|title=Going Critical|publisher=Springer|isbn=1-4020-1308-6|year=2010|chapter=The Optics and Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies|chapter-url=http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P265.PDF|chapter-format=pdf}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=laub>{{Cite journal|author=Laub, Jakob|title=Über die experimentellen Grundlagen des Relativitätsprinzips (On the experimental foundations of the principle of relativity)|journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik|volume=7|year=1910|pages=405–463}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=lorentz95>{{Citation\n|author=Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon\n|year=1895\n|title=[[s:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies|Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies]]\n|location=Leiden\n|publisher=E.J. Brill}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=lorentz04>{{Citation\n|author=Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon\n|year=1904\n|title=[[s:Electromagnetic phenomena|Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light]]\n|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\n|volume=6\n|pages=809–831}}</ref>-->\n<!--\n<ref name=maxa>{{Citation\n|last=Maxwell\n|first=James Clerk\n|year=1878\n|title=[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ether|Ether]]\n|journal=Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition\n|volume=8\n|pages=568–572}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=maxb>{{Citation\n|last=Maxwell\n|first=James Clerk\n|year=1880\n|title=[[s:Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether|On a Possible Mode of Detecting a Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether]]\n|journal=Nature\n|volume=21\n|pages=314–5\n|doi=10.1038/021314c0}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=michel1928>{{cite journal|last=Michelson|first=A. A.|authorlink=|year=1928|title=Conference on the Michelson–Morley Experiment Held at Mount Wilson, February, 1927|journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=68|issue=|pages=341–390|doi=10.1086/143148|url=|accessdate=|bibcode=1928ApJ....68..341M|display-authors=1|last2=Lorentz|first2=H. A.|last3=Miller|first3=D. C.|last4=Kennedy|first4=R. J.|last5=Hedrick|first5=E. R.|last6=Epstein|first6=P. S.}}</ref>\n-->\n<ref name=Miller1933>{{cite journal|author=Miller, Dayton C.|title=The Ether-Drift Experiment and the Determination of the Absolute Motion of the Earth|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=5|issue=3|year=1933|pages=203–242|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.5.203|bibcode=1933RvMP....5..203M}}</ref>\n<!--\n<ref name=AIMiller>{{Cite book|last=Miller, A.I.|year=1981|title= Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911)|location= Reading|publisher=Addison–Wesley|isbn=0-201-04679-2|page=24}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=norton>{{Cite journal|author=Norton, John D.|year=2004|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|title= Einstein's Investigations of Galilean Covariant Electrodynamics prior to 1905|pages= 45–105|volume=59|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001743/|doi=10.1007/s00407-004-0085-6|bibcode=2004AHES...59...45N}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=poincare05>{{Citation\n|author=Poincaré, Henri\n|year=1905\n|title=[[s:On the Dynamics of the Electron (June)|On the Dynamics of the Electron]]\n|journal=Comptes Rendus\n|volume=140\n|pages=1504–1508}} (Wikisource translation)</ref>\n\n<ref name=Polanyi>[[Michael Polanyi]], ''Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy'', ISBN 0-226-67288-3, footnote page 10–11: Einstein reports, via Dr N Balzas in response to Polanyi's query, that \"The Michelson–Morley experiment had no role in the foundation of the theory.\" and \"..the theory of relativity was not founded to explain its outcome at all.\"[http://books.google.com/books?id=0Rtu8kCpvz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PT19#v=onepage&q=&f=false]</ref>\n-->\n<ref name=rob>{{cite journal|author=Robertson, H. P.|year=1949|title=Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=21|issue=3|pages=378–382|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.21.378|bibcode = 1949RvMP...21..378R }}</ref>\n\n<ref name=sexl>{{Cite journal|author=Mansouri R., Sexl R.U.|year=1977|title= A test theory of special relativity: III. Second-order tests|journal =General. Relat. Gravit.|volume=8|issue=10|pages=809–814|doi=10.1007/BF00759585|bibcode = 1977GReGr...8..809M }}</ref>\n<!--\n<ref name=shankland>{{cite journal|last=Shankland|first=Robert S.|authorlink=|year=1955|title=New Analysis of the Interferometer Observations of Dayton C. Miller|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=27|issue=2|pages=167–178|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.27.167|bibcode = 1955RvMP...27..167S|display-authors=1|last2=McCuskey|first2=S.|last3=Leone|first3=F.|last4=Kuerti|first4=G. }}</ref>\n\n<ref name=shankland2>{{cite journal|author=Shankland, R.S.|title=Michelson–Morley experiment|journal=American Journal of Physics|year=1964|volume=31|issue=1|pages=16–35|doi=10.1119/1.1970063|bibcode = 1964AmJPh..32...16S }}</ref>\n\n<ref name=stachel>{{Citation\n|author=Stachel, John\n|authorlink=John Stachel\n|year=1982\n|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten\n|title= Einstein and Michelson: the Context of Discovery and Context of Justification\n|pages=47–53\n|issue=1\n|volume=303\n|bibcode=1982AN....303...47S\n|doi=10.1002/asna.2103030110}}</ref>\n-->\n<ref name=staley>{{Citation|author=Staley, Richard|year=2009|title=Einstein's generation. The origins of the relativity revolution|chapter=Albert Michelson, the Velocity of Light, and the Ether Drift|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-77057-5}}</ref>\n<!--\n<ref name=Swenson1>{{Cite journal\n|last=Swenson|first=Loyd S.\n|year=1970\n|title=The Michelson–Morley–Miller Experiments before and after 1905\n|journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy\n|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.1177/002182867000100108\n|pages=56–78\n|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//abs/1970JHA.....1...56S|bibcode = 1970JHA.....1...56S}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=Swenson2>{{cite book|first=Loyd S., Jr.|last=Swenson|title=The Ethereal Aether: A History of the Michelson-Morley-Miller Aether-drift Experiments, 1880–1930|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kQTUAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-75836-0|origyear=1972}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=teller>{{Citation|author=[[Edward Teller]], Wendy Teller, Wilson Talley|title=Conversations on the Dark Secrets of Physics|year=2002|publisher=Basic books|isbn=0786752378|pages=10–11|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QClyAWecl60C&pg=PA10}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=Thirring>{{Cite journal|author=Thirring, Hans|year=1926|journal=Nature|title=Prof. Miller's Ether Drift Experiments|pages= 81–82|volume=118|issue=2959|doi=10.1038/118081c0|bibcode = 1926Natur.118...81T }}</ref>\n\n<ref name=Whittaker>{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=Edmund Taylor|year=1910|title= A History of the theories of aether and electricity|edition=1.|place=Dublin|publisher=Longman, Green and Co.|url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyoftheorie00whitrich}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=schum94>{{cite journal|last=Schumacher|first=Reinhard A.|title=Special Relativity and the Michelson-Morley Interferometer|journal=American Journal of Physics|year=1994|volume=62|pages=609-612|doi=10.1119/1.17535|bibcode = 1994AmJPh..62..609S }}</ref>-->"}},"i":0}}]}' id="mwBIU"/>
↑Staley, Richard (2009), "Albert Michelson, the Velocity of Light, and the Ether Drift", Einstein's generation. The origins of the relativity revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN0-226-77057-5
↑Hoover, Earl R. (1977). Cradle of Greatness: National and World Achievements of Ohio's Western Reserve. Cleveland: Shaker Savings Association. OCLC2936545.
↑Miller, Dayton C. (1933). "The Ether-Drift Experiment and the Determination of the Absolute Motion of the Earth". Reviews of Modern Physics. 5 (3): 203–242. Bibcode:1933RvMP....5..203M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.5.203.
↑E.W. silversmith "Special Relativity", Nature magazine, vol. 322 [AUG. 1986], P.590: the filed exists, per the United States Air Force research, and it measured precisely as Michaelson and Morely predicted.