Pengguna:Rex Aurorum/Bak pasir

Bahasa Jawa Baku

Bahasa Jawa Baku adalah ragam bahasa Jawa yang dikembangkan di keraton Yogyakarta dan Surakarta (ahli waris Kesultanan Mataram yang pernah menguasai seluruh Pulau Jawa dan sekitarnya), berdasarkan dialek Jawa Tengah, dan menjadi dasar tulisan-tulisan Jawa modern. Hal ini ditandai dengan penggunaan dua tingkatan tuturan untuk kesopanan, yaitu tingkat vernakuler yang disebut ngoko dan tingkat tingkat tinggi yang disebut krama. Dialek lain tidak membedakan penggunaan tingkat tuturan.^[1]

Bahasa Jawa Tengahan

Jawa Tengahan didasarkan pada tuturan Surakarta^[a] dan Yogyakarta. Varian dianggap sebagai varian regional yang paling "halus", dan berfungsi sebagai model untuk bahasa standar. Varian ini digunakan di seluruh bagian timur Jawa Tengah, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan bagian barat Jawa Timur. Ada banyak dialek tingkat rendah seperti Muria dan Semarangan, serta Surakarta dan Yogyakarta sendiri. Bahasa Jawa dituturkan di wilayah Madiun (bersama dengan bahasa Jawa yang dituturkan di Blitar, Ponorogo, Pacitan, Tulungagung, dan bagian tengah Kediri) mempunyai pengaruh kuat dari bahasa Jawa Surakarta. Variasi bahasa di Jawa Tengah dikatakan begitu banyak sehingga hampir setiap kabupatèn memiliki bahasa gaul lokalnya sendiri; namun dialek-dialek kecil tersebut tidak dianggap berbeda oleh sebagian besar penutur bahasa Jawa.

1. Mataram dialect, Kewu dialect, or Standard dialect is spoken commonly in Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Klaten, Karanganyar, Wonogiri, Sukoharjo, Sragen, and Boyolali.
2. Pekalongan dialect is spoken in Pekalongan, Pekalongan regency, Batang and also in Pemalang.
3. Kedu dialect is spoken in the former Kedu residency, including: Temanggung, eastern part of Kebumen, Magelang, and Wonosobo.
   1. Bagelen dialect is sub-dialect of Kedu spoken in Purworejo.
4. Semarang dialect is spoken in Semarang, Semarang regency, and also Salatiga, Grobogan, Demak and Kendal.
5. Muria (Agung) dialect or Eastern North-Coast dialect is spoken in Jepara, Rembang, Kudus, Pati, and also in Tuban and Bojonegoro.
   1. Blora dialect is sub-dialect of Muria, spoken in Blora, the eastern part of Grobogan, and the western part of Ngawi.
6. Madiunan dialect or Mataraman dialect is spoken mainly in western part of East Java province, including Madiun, Ngawi, Pacitan, Ponorogo, Magetan, Kediri, Nganjuk, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, and Blitar.

Western Javanese

Western Javanese (Jawa Kulonan), spoken in the western part of the Central Java province and throughout the West Java and Banten province (particularly on the north coast), includes dialects that are distinct for their Sundanese influences. It retains many archaic words and original pronunciation from Old Javanese.

1. North Banten dialect (Jawa Sérang) is spoken in Serang, Cilegon, and the western part of Tangerang regency.
2. Cirebon dialect (Cirebonan or basa Cerbon) is spoken in Cirebon, Indramayu, and Losari.
3. Tegal dialect, known as Tegalan or dhialèk Pantura (North-Coast dialect), is spoken in Tegal, Brebes, and the western part of Pemalang regency.
4. Banyumas dialect, known as Banyumasan, is spoken in Banyumas, Cilacap, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara, and Bumiayu.

Some Western Javanese dialects such as Banyumasan dialects and Tegal dialect are sometimes referred to as basa ngapak by other Javanese because of the dialectal pronunciation of word apa (what).

Eastern Javanese

Eastern Javanese (Jawa Wétanan) speakers range from the eastern banks of Brantas River in Kertosono, and from Jombang to Banyuwangi, comprising the second majority of the East Java province excluding Madura island , Situbondo and Bondowoso. However, some variant like Pedalungan has been influenced by Madurese.

The most outlying Eastern Javanese dialect is spoken in Balambangan (or Banyuwangi). It is generally known as basa Using. Using, a local negation word, is a cognate of tusing in Balinese.

1. Arekan dialect is commonly spoken in Surabaya, Malang, Gresik, Mojokerto, Pasuruan, Lumajang, southern part of Jember, eastern part of Lamongan, and Sidoarjo. Many Madurese people also use this dialect as their second language.
   1. Pasisir Lor Wétan (Northeastern Coast) dialect is spoken in Mojokerto, eastern part of Lamongan, Sidoarjo, Gresik, and Surabaya.
   2. Malang-Pasuruhan dialect is spoken in Malang and Pasuruan.
   3. Lumajangan dialect is sub-dialect of arekan spoken in most part of Lumajang (except in north-east which base of madurese people's) and also spoken in southern part of Jember like Puger, Ambulu etc
2. Jombang dialect
3. Tengger dialect used by Tengger people, which is centered in thirty villages in the isolated Tengger mountains (Mount Bromo) within the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East-Central Java.
4. Osing dialect spoken in central part of Banyuwangi.

Surinamese-Javanese

Surinamese-Javanese is mainly based on Central Javanese, especially from Kedu residency. The number of speakers of Suriname-Javanese in Suriname was estimated at 60,000 as of 2012.^[2] Most Surinamese-Javanese are bi- or trilingual. According to the 2004 census, Surinamese-Javanese was the first or second language in 11 percent of households. In a 2012 study of multilingualism in Surinamese education by the Dutch Language Union,^[2] 3,497 out of 22,643 pupils (15 percent) in primary education indicated Surinamese-Javanese as a language spoken at home. Most of them were living in Wanica and Paramaribo districts.

Not all immigrants from Indonesia to Suriname were speakers of Javanese. Immigration records show that 90 percent of immigrants were Javanese, with 5 percent Sundanese, 0.5 percent Madurese and 2.5 percent from Batavia. The ethnic composition of this last group was not determinable. Probably Sundanese, Madurese or Malay speaking immigrants were forced to learn Javanese during their stay in Suriname to adapt. In view of the language policies in Netherlands Indies at the time of immigration, it is unlikely the immigrants had knowledge of the Dutch language prior to immigration to Suriname. Dutch today is the official language of Suriname.

Surinamese Javanese is somewhat different from Indonesian Javanese.^[3][4] In Surinamese-Javanese there is a difference between formal and informal speech. Surinamese-Javanese took many loanwords from languages like Dutch, Sranantongo, Sarnami and Indonesian. The influence of the latter language, which is not spoken in Suriname, can be attributed to the Indonesian embassy and Islamic teachers from Indonesia. Indonesian movies are popular, and usually shown without subtitles on Surinamese-Javanese television channels.

In 1986, the Surinamese government adopted an official spelling for Surinamese-Javanese.^[5] It is seldom used as a written language, however.

In the 2012 survey, pupils who indicated Surinamese-Javanese as a language spoken at home, reported Dutch (97.9 percent) and Sranantongo (76.9 percent) also being spoken in the household.

Surinamese-Javanese speaking pupils report high proficiency in speaking and understanding, but very low literacy in the language. They report a low preference for the language in interaction with family members, including their parents, with the exception of their grandparents. Pupils where Surinamese-Javanese is spoken at tend at home to speak Dutch (77 percent) rather than Surinamese-Javanese (12 percent).

New Caledonian Javanese

As expected, New Caledonian Javanese is somewhat different from Indonesian Javanese. New Caledonian Javanese took many loanwords from French. New Caledonian society, in addition to their mastery of the language according to their ethnicity (New Caledonian Javanese), is obliged to be fluent in French that is a medium that is used in all the affairs of the state, economy, and education. French is regarded as a prestigious language because it is the language of the government, an official language in France include New Caledonia, one of the major languages in Europe, and one of the official languages of the United Nations.^[6]

1. ↑ Adelaar, Alexander (2011). "Javanese -aké and -akən: A Short History". Oceanic Linguistics. 50 (2): 338–350. doi:10.1353/ol.2011.0024. hdl:11343/122871. ISSN 1527-9421.
2. 1 2 Kroon, Sjaak; Yağmur, Kutlay (2012), Meertaligheid in het onderwijs in Suriname [Multilingualism in education in Suriname] (PDF) (dalam bahasa Belanda), Den Haag: Nederlandse Taalunie, ISBN 978-90-70593-19-3
3. 1 2 Gobardhan-Rambocus, Lila; Sarmo, Johan (1993). "Het Surinaams Javaans" [The Javanese Surinamese] (PDF). Dalam Gobardhan-Rambocus, Lila; Hassankhan, Maurits S. (ed.). Immigratie en ontwikkeling : emancipatieproces van contractanten [Immigration and development: emancipation of contractors] (dalam bahasa Belanda). Paramaribo: Anton de Kom Universiteit. hlm. 184–201.
4. ↑ Villerius, S. E. (2019). Development of Surinamese Javanese: Language contact and change in a multilingual context (Ph.D. thesis). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. hdl:2066/199947. ISBN 978-94-6093-313-4.
5. ↑ Vruggink, Hein (1990). "De officiële spelling van het Surinaams-Javaans". Oso (dalam bahasa Belanda). Vol. 9, no. 2. hlm. 38–40 – via Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.
6. ↑ Subiyantoro, Subiyantoro; Marsono, Marsono; Udasmoro, Wening (2017-02-27). "Integration of French Lexicons in New Caledonian Javanese". Jurnal Humaniora. 29 (1): 85. doi:10.22146/jh.22568. ISSN 2302-9269. S2CID 151751712.

1. ↑ Misalnya pada kamus Pigeaud tahun 1939 hampir secara eksklusif didasarkan pada tuturan Surakarta (1939:viii–xiii).