Bertrand Russell membedakan dua jenis pengetahuan yang berbeda: pengetahuan melalui perkenalan langsung dan pengetahuan melalui deskripsi. Pengetahuan melalui deskripsi serupa dengan pengetahuan proposisional sehari-hari (misalnya, "Aku tahu bahwa salju itu berwarna putih"), sedangkan pengetahuan melalui perkenalan langsung adalah kedekatan atau keterbiasaan dengan seseorang, suatu tempat, atau suatu benda, yang umumnya diperoleh melalui pengalaman inderawi (misalnya, "Aku mengenal Sam", "Aku mengenal kota Bogotá", atau "Aku mengenal karya Russell Problems of Philosophy").[1] Menurut uraian klasik Bertrand Russell mengenai pengetahuan perkenalan langsung, perkenalan ini merupakan interaksi kausal yang bersifat langsung antara seorang subjek dengan objek pengalamannya.
Daftar pustaka
- BonJour, Laurence, Sosa, Ernest, Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues, Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
- Chalmers, David, Acquaintance, Phenomenal Concepts and the Knowledge Argument, University of Arizona, (2002).
- Chisholm, Roderick, Person and Object – A Metaphysical Study, Rutledge, Devonshire Press, Torquay (2002).
- Chisholm, Roderick, Acquaintance and the Mind-Body Problem, Oxford University Press, (2008).
- DePaul, Michael & Zagzebski, Linda (eds.), Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology, Oxford: Clarendon Press (2003).
- DeVries, Willem, "Wilfrid Sellars", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
- Fumerton, Richard, Metaepistemology and Skepticism, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. (1995) .
- Hasan, Ali and Fumerton, Richard, Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
- Hayner, P., "Knowledge by Acquaintance", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.29, No.3, (March, 1969), pp. 423–431.
- Helmholtz, H.L.F. von (Pye-Smith, P.H. trans.), [1868/1881/1962] "The Recent Progress of the Theory of Vision", pp. 93–185 in Helmholtz, H., Popular Scientific Lectures, Dover Publications, (New York), 1962.
- Paper first published in German in 1868.
- This (1962) volume is a selection of the translations that were first published in English in 1881.
- James, William, The Principles of Psychology: Volume One, Henry Holt and Company, (New York), 1890.
- Lazerowitz, M., "Knowledge by Description", The Philosophical Review, Vol.46, No.4, (July 1937), pp. 402–415.
- Martens, D.B., "Knowledge by acquaintance/by description", pp. 237–240 in Dancy, J. & Sosa, E. (eds.), A Companion to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishers, (Oxford), 1993.
- Parker, Dewitt H. (1945a), "Knowledge by Acquaintance", The Philosophical Review, Vol.54, No.1, (January 1945), pp. 1–18.
- Parker, Dewitt H. (1945b), "Knowledge by Description", The Philosophical Review, Vol.54, No.5, (September 1945), pp. 458–488.
- Russell, Bertrand, "Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (New Series), Vol.XI, (1910–1911), pp. 108–128: Read to the Society on 6 March 1911.
- Russell, Bertrand, The Problems of Philosophy (1912). Project Gutenberg, Chp. 5, p. 18–19.
- Sainsbury, R.M. (1995a), "Acquaintance and Description", p.4 in Honderich, T. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1995.
- Sainsbury, R.M. (1995b), "Descriptions", p.192 in Honderich, T. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1995.
- Sellars, Wilfrid, Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, (1956). Edited in hypertext by Andrew Chrucky (1995).
