Invasi Mongol ke Rus Kiev

Invasi Rus' oleh Mongol

Wilayah yang ditaklukan Genghis Khan

Tanggal	1223–1240
Lokasi	Rusia, Ukraina dan Belarus modern
Hasil	Kemenangan besar Mongol, Rus' Kiev menjadi vasal Gerombolan Emas Mongol

Pihak terlibat

Mongol

Vladimir-Suzdal

Kiev

Galicia-Volhynia

Republik Novgorod
Smolensk
Turov dan Pinsk
Rostov
Chernigov
Ryazan
Pereyaslavl
Cuman

Tokoh dan pemimpin

Batu Khan
Möngke Khan
Subutai
Jebe
Boroldai
Berke
Orda
Kadan
Shiban
Güyük Khan

Mstislav yang Berani

Daniel dari Galicia

Mstislav III dari Kiev (POW),

Mstislav II dari Chernigov ⚔
Yuri II dari Vladimir ⚔

Kekuatan

1236:
35.000 kavaleri Mongol
40.000+ pasukan bantuan Turk^[1]
1223:
~20.000 kavaleri

1236:
~25.000-50.000 total, termasuk garnisun dan anggota suku^[2]

Korban

Lebih dari 7.000

500.000 (6–7% populasi Rus')^[3]

Invasi Rus' Kiev oleh Mongol dilancarkan pada abad ke-13. Selama peristiwa ini, bangsa Mongol menghancurkan beberapa kota, termasuk Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir dan Kiev.^[4]

Invasi Mongol dimulai dengan meletusnya Pertempuran Sungai Kalka pada Mei 1223. Pertempuran tersebut berhasil dimenangkan oleh bangsa Mongol, tetapi mereka lalu mundur dari wilayah Rus' Kiev. Kemudian Batu Khan melancarkan invasi besar-besaran dari tahun 1237 hingga 1240. Setelah kematian Ögedei Khan, invasi ini dihentikan. Meskipun begitu, semua kepangeranan Rus' dipaksa tunduk kepada Mongol dan menjadi bagian dari wilayah Gerombolan Emas.

Invasi ini mengakibatkan jatuhnya Rus' Kiev pada abad ke-13 dan mengubah sejarah Eropa Timur, termasuk pembagian orang-orang Slavia Timur menjadi tiga, yaitu Rusia, Ukraina dan Belarus,^[5] serta kebangkitan Keharyapatihan Moskow.

Catatan kaki

↑ de Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, pp. 165–66: notes that contemporary Mongol sources describe Batu as invading with 12-14 tumens, which would give him a nominal total of 120,000-140,000 men. However, the author also notes that tumens were often at less than full strength.
↑ Fennell, John. "The Crisis of Medieval Russia: 1200-1304." London, 1983. Page 85. Excerpt: "If we assume that each of the larger cities could field, say, between 3,000 and 5,000 men, we can arrive at a total of about 60,000 fighting troops. If we add to this another 40,000 from smaller towns and from the various Turkic allies in the Principality of Kiev, then the total coincides with the 100,000 estimated by S.M. Solov'ev in his History o Russia. But then this is only a rough estimate of the potential number. We have no idea how many, towns and districts actually mustered troops- for instance, it seems highly unlikely that Novgorod sent any at all. Certainly none came to help their outpost at Torzhok. Perhaps then half or a quarter - or even a smaller fraction- of the total was the most the Russians could muster."
↑ Colin McEvedy, Atlas of World Population History (1978)
↑ "The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century | Study.com". Study.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-05-15.
↑ Boris Rybakov, Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII-XIII вв. (Kievan Rus' and Russian Princedoms in 12th and 13th Centuries), Moscow: Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-009795-0.

Daftar pustaka

Allsen, Thomas T. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge UP.
Atwood, Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (2004)
Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Blackwell, 1998)
Halperin, Charles J. Russia and the golden horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history (Indiana University Press, 1985)
Sinor, Denis. "The Mongols in the West." Journal of Asian History (1999): 1-44. in JSTOR
Vernadsky, George. The Mongols and Russia (Yale University Press, 1953)
- Halperin, Charles J. "George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia." Slavic Review (1982): 477-493. in JSTOR

Kekaisaran Mongol (1206–1368)

Terminologi

Gelar	Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan
Politik Militer	Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig

Politik
Organisasi
Kehidupan

Topik	Pembagian administratif dan vasal Panji (Bunchuk) Invasi dan penaklukan Kehancuran Segel Kekaisaran Taktik dan organisasi militer Organisasi di bawah Jenghis Khan Agama Masyarakat dan ekonomi Wangsa Borjigin Wangsa Ögedei Armenia Mongol Aliansi Romawi Timur–Mongol Aliansi Prancis-Mongol Daftar serangan Mongol dan Tatar terhadap Rus Negara Mongol dan Tatar di Eropa
Kekhanan	Dinasti Yuan Kekhanan Chagatai Wangsa Ögedei Gerombolan Emas Sayap Ilkhanat
Kota-kota utama	Almalik Avarga Azov (Azaq) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu/Berke Saray-Jük Shangdu (Xanadu) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan

Kampanye
Pertempuran

Asia

Tengah	Siberia (1207) Kara-Khitan (1216–1218) Khwarezmia (1218–1221)
Timur	Xia Barat (1205 / 1207 / 1209–1210 / 1225–1227) Tiongkok Utara dan Manchuria (1211–1234) Tiongkok Selatan (1235–1279) Kerajaan Dali (1253–1256) Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252) Korea (1231–1260) Jepang (1274 / 1281) Sakhalin (1264–1308)
Tenggara	Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287) Jawa (1293) Vietnam (1257 / 1284–1288) Burma (1300–1302)
Selatan	India (1221–1327)

Eropa

Timur Tengah

Perang saudara

Tokoh

Khan Agung	Jenghis Khan Tolui (regen) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun (regen) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish (regen) Möngke Khan Kubilai Khan (Khagan Yuan)
Khan	Jochi Batu Khan Sartaq Khan Orda Khan Berke Khan Toqta Öz Beg Khan Chagatai Khan Duwa Kebek Hulagu Abaqa Arghun Ghazan
Militer	Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Guo Kan Borokhula Jelme Chilaun Khubilai Aju Bayan Kadan Boroldai Nogai Khan

Garis waktu Kekaisaran Mongol

Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, pp. 165–66: notes that contemporary Mongol sources describe Batu as invading with 12-14 tumens, which would give him a nominal total of 120,000-140,000 men. However, the author also notes that tumens were often at less than full strength.

[2] Fennell, John. "The Crisis of Medieval Russia: 1200-1304." London, 1983. Page 85. Excerpt: "If we assume that each of the larger cities could field, say, between 3,000 and 5,000 men, we can arrive at a total of about 60,000 fighting troops. If we add to this another 40,000 from smaller towns and from the various Turkic allies in the Principality of Kiev, then the total coincides with the 100,000 estimated by S.M. Solov'ev in his History o Russia. But then this is only a rough estimate of the potential number. We have no idea how many, towns and districts actually mustered troops- for instance, it seems highly unlikely that Novgorod sent any at all. Certainly none came to help their outpost at Torzhok. Perhaps then half or a quarter - or even a smaller fraction- of the total was the most the Russians could muster."

[Mongol_Conquests-3] Colin McEvedy, Atlas of World Population History (1978)

[4] "The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century | Study.com". Study.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-05-15.

[5] Boris Rybakov, Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII-XIII вв. (Kievan Rus' and Russian Princedoms in 12th and 13th Centuries), Moscow: Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-009795-0.

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Basis data pengawasan otoritas
Nasional	Amerika Serikat Prancis Data BnF Israel
Lain-lain	Yale LUX

Catatan kaki

Daftar pustaka

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