Daftar kota terbesar sepanjang sejarah

Wikipedia list articleTemplat:SHORTDESC:Wikipedia list article

Artikel ini mencantumkan kota atau kawasan perkotaan terbesar berdasarkan perkiraan populasi dalam sejarah. Banyak angka yang tidak pasti, terutama pada zaman kuno.

Daftar kota terpadat atau kawasan perkotaan dalam sejarah

Berikut ini adalah tabel dari kota-kota paling padat atau kawasan perkotaan dengan perkiraan populasi dalam sejarah menurut tiga sumber. Nama kota dengan huruf tebal adalah yang disepakati oleh ketiga sumber. Tabel ini tidak berisi data untuk kota-kota di peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus pada periode 5.000 SM hingga 1.000 SM.

Tahun		Morris (2010)^[1]				Modelski (2003)^[2]				Chandler (1987)^[3]
Tahun		Populasi	Nama	Lokasi Sekarang		Populasi	Nama	Lokasi Sekarang		Populasi	Nama	Lokasi Sekarang
7000 SM		^[4] 1.000	Beidha	Yordania		^[5] 1.000–2.000	Yerikho	Tepi Barat
			Basta^[6]	Yordania
			Çatalhöyük	Turki
6500 SM						^[5]^[7] 5.000–10.000	Çatalhöyük	Turki
6000 SM		^[8] 3.000	Çatalhöyük	Turki
4000 SM		5.000	Uruk	Irak		^[5] 4.000	Eridu	Irak
4000 SM		5.000	Tel Brak	Suriah		^[5] 4.000	Eridu	Irak
3800 hingga 3700 SM						^[9] < 10,000	Dobrovody	Ukraina
3700 SM						6.000–10.000	Eridu	Irak
3600 hingga 3500 SM						^[9] < 10.000	Majdanéc’ke	Ukraina
3600 hingga 3500 SM						^[9] < 10.000	Talianki	Ukraina
3500 SM						14.000	Uruk	Irak
3300 SM						40.000	Uruk	Irak
3200 SM										20.000	Abydos	Mesir
3100 SM										20.000	Memphis	Mesir
3000 SM		^[10] 45.000	Uruk	Irak		40.000	Uruk	Irak		30.000	Memphis	Mesir
2800 SM						80.000	Uruk	Irak			Memphis	Mesir
2500 SM						^[11] 60.000	Lagash^[12]	Iraq			Memphis	Mesir
2500 SM						^[11] 20.000	Nippur	Irak			Memphis	Mesir
2400 SM						^[13] 50.000	Mari	Suriah			Memphis	Mesir
						^[13] 40.000	Umma	Irak
							Girsu^[12]	Irak
							Mohenjo-daro	Pakistan
2300 SM						^[14] 80.000	Girsu	Irak			Memphis	Mesir
2300 SM						^[14] 50.000	Mari	Suriah			Memphis	Mesir
2250 SM										> 30.000	Memphis	Mesir
2240 SM											Akkad^[15]	Irak
2200 SM						50.000	Girsu	Irak			Akkad	Irak
2100 SM						100.000	Ur	Irak		Akkad	Irak
2075 SM										50.000	Girsu^[12]	Irak
2059 SM											Girsu	Irak
2030 SM											Ur	Irak
2000 SM		60.000	Memphis	Mesir		^[16] 40.000	Isin	Irak		65.000	Ur	Irak
				Mesir			Larsa	Irak
				Irak			Girsu	Irak
1991 SM											Ur	Irak
1980 SM											Thebes	Mesir
1900 SM						40.000	Isin	Irak			Thebes	Mesir
1900 SM						40.000	Larsa	Irak			Thebes	Mesir
1800 SM						60,000	Mari	Suriah		> 25.000	Thebes	Mesir
1770 SM										60.000	Babilonia	Irak
1700 SM						60.000	Babilonia	Irak			Babilonia	Irak
1670 SM											Avaris^[17]	Mesir
1650 SM										^[18] 100.000	Avaris	Mesir
1600 SM						50.000–100.000	Avaris^[17]	Mesir		100.000	Avaris	Mesir
1595 SM											Avaris	Mesir
1580 SM											Avaris	Mesir
1557 SM											Memphis	Mesir
1500 SM		75.000	Uruk	Irak		60.000	Thebes	Mesir			Memphis	Mesir
1500 SM		75.000	Thebes	Mesir		60.000	Thebes	Mesir			Memphis	Mesir
1400 SM						80.000	Thebes	Mesir			Thebes	Mesir
1375 SM										^[18] 100.000	Thebes	Mesir
1360 SM										80.000	Thebes	Mesir
1350 SM											Thebes	Mesir
1300 SM						120.000	Yinxu (Anyang)	Tiongkok			Thebes	Mesir
1205 SM											Memphis^[19]	Mesir
1200 SM		80.000	Babilonia	Irak		160.000	Pi-Ramses^[17]	Mesir		^[19] 50.000	Memphis	Mesir
1200 SM		80.000	Thebes	Mesir		160.000	Pi-Ramses^[17]	Mesir		^[19] 50.000	Memphis	Mesir
1188 SM											Thebes	Mesir
1184 SM										120.000	Thebes	Mesir
1100 SM						120.000	Pi-Ramses	Mesir			Thebes	Mesir
1000 SM		35.000	Qiyi (Qi)	Tiongkok		^[20] 120.000	Thebes	Mesir		^[21] > 50.000	Thebes	Mesir
	^[20] 100.000				Haojing (Xi'an)^[22]	Tiongkok	^[21] > 50.000	Haojing (Xi'an)^[22]	Tiongkok
					Memphis	Mesir	^[21] 50.000	Chengzhou (Luoyang)^[23]	Tiongkok
					Babilonia	Irak	^[18] 100.000	Chengzhou (Luoyang)^[23]	Tiongkok
900 SM				125.000	Haojing	Tiongkok	Thebes	Mesir
800 SM				125.000	Haojing	Tiongkok	> 50.000	Thebes	Mesir
700 SM				100.000	Thebes	Mesir		Thebes	Mesir
					Memphis	Mesir
					Ninewe	Irak
					Babilonia^[24]	Irak
					Luoyi (Luoyang)^[23]	Tiongkok
					Linzi	Tiongkok
668 SM							^[18] 100.000	Ninewe	Irak
650 SM							120.000	Ninewe	Irak
612 SM								Babilonia	Irak
600 SM				200.000	Babilonia	Irak	^[18] 100.000	Babilonia	Irak
600 SM				200.000	Luoyi	Tiongkok	^[18] 100.000	Babilonia	Irak
562 SM							200.000	Babilonia	Irak
500 SM	150.000	Babilonia	Iraq	^[25] 200.000	Babilonia	Irak		Babilonia	Irak
					Luoyi	Tiongkok
					Linzi	Tiongkok
479 SM								Babilonia	Irak
460 SM								Babilonia	Irak
440 SM								Babilonia	Irak
430 SM							200.000	Babilonia	Irak
400 SM				320.000	Xiadu	Tiongkok		Babilonia	Irak
320 SM							> 300.000	Aleksandria	Mesir
300 SM				500.000	Carthage	Tunisia		Pataliputra (Patna)	India
220 SM								Pataliputra	India
206 SM								Pataliputra	India
200 SM	300.000	Aleksandria	Mesir	600.000	Aleksandria	Mesir	^[26] 350.000	Pataliputra	India
200 SM	300.000	Aleksandria	Mesir	600.000	Aleksandria	Mesir	400.000	Chang'an (Xi'an)^[22]^[26]	Tiongkok
195 SM								Chang'an	Tiongkok
190 SM								Chang'an	Tiongkok
170 SM								Chang'an	Tiongkok
160 SM								Chang'an	Tiongkok
100 SM				1.000.000	Aleksandria	Mesir		Chang'an	Tiongkok
25 SM								Roma	Italia
1 M	1.000.000	Roma	Italia	800.000	Roma	Italia		Roma	Italia
100				1.000.000	Roma	Italia	450.000	Roma	Italia
180							600.000	Roma	Italia
200	800.000	Roma	Italia	1.200.000	Roma	Italia		Roma	Italia
280							500.000	Roma	Italia
300				1.000.000	Roma	Italia		Roma	Italia
340								Konstantinopel (Istanbul)	Turki
350								Konstantinopel	Turki
361							300.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
400	500.000	Roma	Italia	800.000	Roma	Italia		Konstantinopel	Turki
410								Konstantinopel	Turki
450								Konstantinopel	Turki
500				500.000	Konstantinopel	Turki	400.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
					Jiankang (Nanjing)^[27]	Tiongkok
					Luoyang^[23]	Tiongkok
570								Ctesiphon^[28]	Iraq
575							500.000	Ctesiphon	Irak
600	^[29] 600.000	Daxing (Chang'an)^[22]	Tiongkok	600.000	Konstantinopel	Turki	500.000	Ctesiphon	Irak
622							500.000	Ctesiphon	Irak
637							400.000	Chang'an^[22]	Tiongkok
650								Chang'an	Tiongkok
700				1.000.000	Chang'an^[22]	Tiongkok	800.000	Chang'an	Tiongkok
750							800.000	Chang'an	Tiongkok
775							600.000	Baghdad	Irak
800	1.000.000	Chang'an	Tiongkok	800.000	Chang'an	Tiongkok	700.000	Baghdad	Irak
833							900.000	Baghdad	Irak
900	^[1] 750.000	Chang'an	Tiongkok	900.000	Baghdad	Irak	900.000	Baghdad	Irak
925							1.100.000	Baghdad	Irak
932							1.100.000	Baghdad	Irak
935							450.000	Kordoba	Spanyol
1000	1.000.000	Kaifeng	Tiongkok	^[30] 1.200.000	Baghdad	Irak	450.000	Kordoba	Spanyol
1013							400.000	Kaifeng	Tiongkok
1050							400.000	Kaifeng	Tiongkok
1071							400.000	Kaifeng	Tiongkok
1100				1.200.000	Baghdad	Irak	442,000	Kaifeng	Tiongkok
1102							442.000	Kaifeng	Tiongkok
1126							420.000	Kaifeng	Tiongkok
1127							200.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
1145							200.000	Marw	Turkmenistan
1150							200.000	Marw	Turkmenistan
1153							200.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
1160							200.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
1170							200.000	Fez	Maroko
1180							200.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
1200	^[31] 1.000.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok	1.000.000	Baghdad	Irak	255.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
					Hangzhou	Tiongkok
					Kaifeng	Tiongkok
1210	600.000	Gurganj	Turkmenistan	500.000	Marw	Turkmenistan	260.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
1250							320.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
1273							432.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
1300				1.500.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok	432.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
1315							432.000	Kairo	Mesir
1325							500.000	Kairo	Mesir
1348							432.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
1350							432.000	Hangzhou	Tiongkok
1358								Jinling (Nanjing)	Tiongkok
1391							473.000	Jinling	Tiongkok
1400	500.000	Jinling (Nanjing)	Tiongkok	1.000.000	Jinling (Nanjing)	Tiongkok	487.000	Jinling	Tiongkok
1420								Jinling	Tiongkok
1425								Beijing	Tiongkok
1450							600.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1492							669.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1500	600.000	Beijing	Tiongkok	1.000.000	Beijing	Tiongkok	672.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1550							690.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1575							706.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1579							706.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1600	700.000	Beijing	Tiongkok	1.000.000	Beijing	Tiongkok	706.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1635								Beijing	Tiongkok
1637								Beijing	Tiongkok
1650							700.000	Konstantinopel^[32]	Turki
1670								Konstantinopel	Turki
1675							750.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
1684								Konstantinopel	Turki
1685								Konstantinopel	Turki
1690							700-800.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
1700	650.000	Beijing	Tiongkok	1.000.000	Ayutthaya	Thailand	700.000	Konstantinopel	Turki
1710								Beijing	Tiongkok
1720		Edo^[33]	Jepang					Beijing	Tiongkok
1750							900.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1775							1.000.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1800	1.100.000	Beijing	Tiongkok	1.100.000	Beijing	Tiongkok	1.100.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1821							1.300.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1825							1.350.000	Beijing	Tiongkok
1825							1.335.000	London (kawasan urban)	Britania Raya
1841							1.948.000	London	Britania Raya
1850							2.320.000	London	Britania Raya
1851							2.362.000	London	Britania Raya
1861							2.803.000	London	Britania Raya
1875							4.241.000	London	Britania Raya
1900	6.600.000	London	Britania Raya	6.500.000	London	Britania Raya	6.480.000	London	Britania Raya
1914							7.419.000	London	Britania Raya
1925							7.774.000	New York (kawasan urban)	Amerika Serikat
1936							10.150.000	New York	Amerika Serikat
1950							12.463.000	New York	Amerika Serikat
1962
1965							15.000.000	Tokyo (kawasan urban)	Jepang
1975							20.500.000	Tokyo	Jepang
2000	^[34] 26.400.000	Tokyo	Jepang

Lihat juga

Daftar wilayah metropolitan berdasarkan populasi

Referensi

1 2 (a) Diarsipkan 2011-07-26 di Wayback Machine.Ian Morris, Social Development, Stanford University, October 2010. This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the West Rules—For Now, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3.
↑ George Modelski, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of former estimates can be read at Evolutionary World Politics Homepage Diarsipkan 2008-12-28 di Wayback Machine.
↑ Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at The Institute for Research on World-Systems; Largest Cities Through History by Matt T. Rosenberg Diarsipkan 2016-08-18 di Wayback Machine.; or The Etext Archives Diarsipkan 2008-02-11 di Wayback Machine.. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.
↑ The date that the population of Beidha, Basta and Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 1,000 is given as 7500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
1 2 3 Suggested to be the largest cities in Modelski's text, but not given constantly prior to 3700 BC (p. 3, p. 17, and p. 20). No entry is suggested for the Halafian and Ubaid periods.
↑ A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement located ca. 25 km north of Petra.
↑ The rough year that Çatalhöyük was supposed to be the largest is not given in Modelski's text which cites Ian Hodder's report (p. 3 and p. 17). The year 6500 BC is based on the recent report by Hodder (Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project), Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2005.) where less inhabitants (1,500 to 2,000) are suggested by Craig Cessford (pp. 323-326).
↑ The date that the population of Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 3,000 is given as 6500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
1 2 3 Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), but only Eridu is listed as the largest city in Table 2 (a) (p. 22). The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).
↑ Suggested to be more than 45.000 in Morris's published text (p. 632).
1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Nippur shares the top with Lagash with 60,000 inhabitants in 2500 BC, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Nippur is 20,000, the value of which is even lower than those estimated for Mari (50,000); Uruk and Umma (40,000); Memphis, Ebla, Urkesh, and Shuruppak (30,000) (p. 28).
1 2 3 Girsu (Telloh), the later capital of the state of Lagash, was situated 25 km NW of Lagash (Tell al Hiba), though both sites are frequently referred as Lagash.
1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Girsu shares the top with Mari with 50,000 inhabitants, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Girsu as well as Umma and Mohenjo-daro is 40,000 (p. 28).
1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), the population of Girsu for 2300 BC is estimated as 50,000, which is less than that appears in Table 2 (b) and is the same value with that estimated for Mari (p. 28).
↑ Location uncertain. Maybe west of Sippar.
↑ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218) excludes Girsu for 2000 BC, though Table 2 (b) lists Girsu with 40,000 inhabitants (p. 28), sharing the top with Isin and Larsa.
1 2 3 The palace of Pi-Ramses (Qantir) was founded 2 km NE of Avaris (or Hawaret, Tell el-Dab'a), the residential area of which overlaps.
1 2 3 4 5 When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).
1 2 According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Thebes was the largest for 1400-668 BC, but Memphis was also supposed to be somewhat larger during 1205-1188 (p. 94, p. 460).
1 2 Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).
1 2 3 Chandler listed Thebes, Haojing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the largest, second-largest, and third-largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 BC (p. 541).
1 2 3 4 5 6 Haojing, which formed the capital of Western Zhou together with Fenghao, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.
1 2 3 Chengzhou was founded on the east side of the Luo river with Wangzheng on the west side. Both cities were later annexed to form Luoyi (Luoyang), the center of which has often shifted.
↑ According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219), the population of Babylon for 700 BC is estimated as 120,000, which makes Babylon the only city to appear as the largest, while Table 8 (a) shows that Babylon has 100,000 inhabitants in 700 BC (p. 55).
↑ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) excludes Linzi for 500 BC, though Table 5 (a) lists Linzi with 200,000 inhabitants (p. 41).
1 2 According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Pataliputra was the largest for 300 to 195 BC, but Chang'an is listed as the largest already in 200 BC (p. 462).
↑ Based on historical documents, in Southern Liang dynasty, Jiankang (Nanjing) had 280,000 registered households, and assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. (Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. Culture and Power, 2001:35.)
↑ Seleucia was founded on the right bank of Tigris opposite to Ctesiphon. Figures for Seleucia include the population of Ctesiphon as a suburb during the Seleucid era and vice versa during the Sassanid era.
↑ The population of Daxing (Chang'an) in AD 600 is estimated at 250,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 600,000.
↑ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) estimates the population of Baghdad for AD 1000 as 1,500,000, which is much higher than the value listed in Table 8 (b) (1,200,000 inhabitants) (p. 55).
↑ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
↑ Termasuk Üsküdar di Asia Minor sebagai daerah pinggiran kota.
↑ According to Morris (p. 483), Edo grew into the world's biggest city by 1720, but the estimated population for Edo is not given.
↑ The population of Tokyo in AD 2000 is estimated at 26,7000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 26,400,000.

Pranala luar

Top Ten Cities Through History, animation showing the ten largest cities throughout history according to Chandler

[Morris-1] 1 2 (a) Diarsipkan 2011-07-26 di Wayback Machine.Ian Morris, Social Development, Stanford University, October 2010. This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the West Rules—For Now, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3.

[Modelski-2] George Modelski, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of former estimates can be read at Evolutionary World Politics Homepage Diarsipkan 2008-12-28 di Wayback Machine.

[Chandler-3] Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at The Institute for Research on World-Systems; Largest Cities Through History by Matt T. Rosenberg Diarsipkan 2016-08-18 di Wayback Machine.; or The Etext Archives Diarsipkan 2008-02-11 di Wayback Machine.. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.

[4] The date that the population of Beidha, Basta and Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 1,000 is given as 7500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).

[Define-5] 1 2 3 Suggested to be the largest cities in Modelski's text, but not given constantly prior to 3700 BC (p. 3, p. 17, and p. 20). No entry is suggested for the Halafian and Ubaid periods.

[6] A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement located ca. 25 km north of Petra.

[7] The rough year that Çatalhöyük was supposed to be the largest is not given in Modelski's text which cites Ian Hodder's report (p. 3 and p. 17). The year 6500 BC is based on the recent report by Hodder (Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project), Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2005.) where less inhabitants (1,500 to 2,000) are suggested by Craig Cessford (pp. 323-326).

[8] The date that the population of Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 3,000 is given as 6500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).

[Tripilya-9] 1 2 3 Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), but only Eridu is listed as the largest city in Table 2 (a) (p. 22). The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).

[10] Suggested to be more than 45.000 in Morris's published text (p. 632).

[Nippur-11] 1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Nippur shares the top with Lagash with 60,000 inhabitants in 2500 BC, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Nippur is 20,000, the value of which is even lower than those estimated for Mari (50,000); Uruk and Umma (40,000); Memphis, Ebla, Urkesh, and Shuruppak (30,000) (p. 28).

[Lagash-12] 1 2 3 Girsu (Telloh), the later capital of the state of Lagash, was situated 25 km NW of Lagash (Tell al Hiba), though both sites are frequently referred as Lagash.

[Mari1-13] 1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Girsu shares the top with Mari with 50,000 inhabitants, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Girsu as well as Umma and Mohenjo-daro is 40,000 (p. 28).

[Mari2-14] 1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), the population of Girsu for 2300 BC is estimated as 50,000, which is less than that appears in Table 2 (b) and is the same value with that estimated for Mari (p. 28).

[Akkad-15] Location uncertain. Maybe west of Sippar.

[16] Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218) excludes Girsu for 2000 BC, though Table 2 (b) lists Girsu with 40,000 inhabitants (p. 28), sharing the top with Isin and Larsa.

[Avaris-17] 1 2 3 The palace of Pi-Ramses (Qantir) was founded 2 km NE of Avaris (or Hawaret, Tell el-Dab'a), the residential area of which overlaps.

[100,000-18] 1 2 3 4 5 When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).

[Memphis-19] 1 2 According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Thebes was the largest for 1400-668 BC, but Memphis was also supposed to be somewhat larger during 1205-1188 (p. 94, p. 460).

[Haojing-20] 1 2 Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).

[Luoyang-21] 1 2 3 Chandler listed Thebes, Haojing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the largest, second-largest, and third-largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 BC (p. 541).

[Xian-22] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Haojing, which formed the capital of Western Zhou together with Fenghao, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.

[Luoyang2-23] 1 2 3 Chengzhou was founded on the east side of the Luo river with Wangzheng on the west side. Both cities were later annexed to form Luoyi (Luoyang), the center of which has often shifted.

[24] According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219), the population of Babylon for 700 BC is estimated as 120,000, which makes Babylon the only city to appear as the largest, while Table 8 (a) shows that Babylon has 100,000 inhabitants in 700 BC (p. 55).

[25] Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) excludes Linzi for 500 BC, though Table 5 (a) lists Linzi with 200,000 inhabitants (p. 41).

[Pataliputra-26] 1 2 According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Pataliputra was the largest for 300 to 195 BC, but Chang'an is listed as the largest already in 200 BC (p. 462).

[Nanjing-27] Based on historical documents, in Southern Liang dynasty, Jiankang (Nanjing) had 280,000 registered households, and assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. (Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. Culture and Power, 2001:35.)

[Seleucia-28] Seleucia was founded on the right bank of Tigris opposite to Ctesiphon. Figures for Seleucia include the population of Ctesiphon as a suburb during the Seleucid era and vice versa during the Sassanid era.

[29] The population of Daxing (Chang'an) in AD 600 is estimated at 250,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 600,000.

[30] Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) estimates the population of Baghdad for AD 1000 as 1,500,000, which is much higher than the value listed in Table 8 (b) (1,200,000 inhabitants) (p. 55).

[31] The population of Hangzhou in AD 1200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.

[Istanbul-32] Termasuk Üsküdar di Asia Minor sebagai daerah pinggiran kota.

[33] According to Morris (p. 483), Edo grew into the world's biggest city by 1720, but the estimated population for Edo is not given.

[34] The population of Tokyo in AD 2000 is estimated at 26,7000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 26,400,000.

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