Sejarah
Bahasa dan budaya Gaelik bermula di Irlandia yang meluas ke Dál Riata di barat Skotlandia. Pada zaman kuno, bangsa Gaelik berdagang dengan Kekaisaran Romawi dan juga menyerbu Britania Romawi. Pada Abad Pertengahan, budaya Gaelik menjadi dominan di seluruh belahan Skotlandia dan Isle of Man. Terdapat juga beberapa pemukiman Gaelik di Wales, serta pengaruh budaya melalui Kekristenan Keltik. Pada Zaman Viking, sejumlah kecil pasukan Viking menyerbu dan bermukim di wilayah Gaelik, menjadikannya Norse-Gaelik. Pada abad ke-9, Dál Riata dan Pictland bergabung untuk membtnuk Kerajaan Alba. Sementara itu, Irlandia Gaelik terdiri dari sejumlah besar kerajaan, dengan Raja Tinggi sering kali mengklaim kepemimpinan atas mereka.
Pada abad ke-12, Anglo-Norman menaklukan belahan Irlandia, sementara sebagian Skotlandia menjadi ter-Normanisasi. Namun, budaya Gaelik masih kuat di sepanjang belahan Irlandia, Dataran Tinggi Skotlandia dan Galloway. Pada awal abad ke-17, kerajaan-kerajaan Gaelik terakhir di Irlandia jatuh di bawah kekuasaan Inggris. James VI dan I berniat untuk menundukkan bangsa Gaelik dan menyingkirkan budaya mereka;[11] mula-mula di Dataran Tinggi Skotlandia melalui hukum represif seperti Statuta Iona, dan kemudian di Irlandia oleh mengkolonisasi wilayah Gaelik dengan pemukim Inggris dan Protestan penutur bahasa Skots. Pada abad-abad berikutnya, bahasa Gaelik ditindas dan banyak tergantikan oleh bahasa Inggris. Namun, bahasa tersebut masih menjadi bahasa utama di Gaeltacht, Inggris dan Hebrides Luar, Skotlandia. Keturunan modern Gaelik tersebar sepanjang belahan Kepulauan Britania, benua Amerika dan Australasia.
Catatan
- ↑ Cikal bakal dan teori migrasi tentang suku bangsa Gaelik bergama, karena orang-orang Gelik nyaris menjadi korban kolonialiamse dan peran-peran kolonis.[7][8][9]
Referensi
- ↑ "Education and Irish Language - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2023-05-30. Diakses tanggal 2023-08-27.
- ↑ "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland" (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 February 2014.
- ↑ Osbourn 2006, hlm. 204.
- ↑ "National Household Survey (NHS) 2011". Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2015.
- ↑ "The Irish language in Australia: sociocultural identity in diasporic minority language use". Jill Vaughan. 7 February 2015.
- ↑ Bechhofer, Frank; McCrone, David (2014-03-04). "What makes a Gael? Identity, language and ancestry in the Scottish Gàidhealtachd". Identities. 21 (2): 113–133. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2014.878249. ISSN 1070-289X. S2CID 143971850.
- ↑ Brown, Daniel Guy (2014). The Highland Clearances and the Politics of Memory (Thesis). Diakses tanggal 2 July 2017.
- ↑ "The Scottish Highlands in Colonial & Psychodynamic Perspective". www.alastairmcintosh.com. Diakses tanggal 2 July 2017.
- ↑ Mackinnon, Iain (1 May 2017). "Colonialism and the Highland Clearances" (PDF). Northern Scotland. 8 (1): 22–48. doi:10.3366/nor.2017.0125. ISSN 0306-5278.
- ↑ Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome Diarsipkan 8 March 2021 di Wayback Machine. "Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago."
- ↑ Szasz, Margaret (2007). Scottish Highlanders and Native Americans. University of Oklahoma Press. hlm. 48.
Daftar pustaka
- Bartlett, Robert (1994). The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350. Penguin. ISBN 0140154094.
- Bateman, Mary (2007). Duanaire Na Sracaire: Songbook of the Pillagers, Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Verse to 1600. Birlinn. ISBN 184158181X.
- Bradshaw, Brendan (1993). Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521416345.
- Bradshaw, Brendan (2015). ‘And so began the Irish Nation’: Nationality, National Consciousness and Nationalism in Pre-modern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 1472442563.
- Byrne, Francis J. (1973). Irish Kings and High Kings. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1851821961.
- Calloway, Colin G. (2010). White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199737826.
- Canny, Nicholas (2001). Making Ireland British, 1580-1650. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199259052.
- Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2007). Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521037167.
- Clancy, Thomas Owen (2008). The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry AD 550-1350. Canongate Classics. ISBN 0862417872.
- Connolly, S. J. (2009). Contested Island: Ireland 1460-1630. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199563713.
- Connolly, S. J. (2010). Divided Kingdom: Ireland 1630-1800. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199583870.
- Coogan, Tim Pat (2013). The Famine Plot: England's Role in Ireland's Greatest Tragedy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137278838.
- Crowley, Tony (2008). Wars of Words: The Politics of Language in Ireland 1537-2004. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199532761.
- Doyle, Aidan (2015). A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0198724764.
- Ellis, Peter Berresford (2002). Erin's Blood Royal: The Gaelic Noble Dynasties of Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312230494.
- Denvir, John (1892). The Irish in Britain from the Earliest Times to the Fall and Death of Parnell. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.
- Gibbons, Luke (2004). Gaelic Gothic: Race, Colonization and Irish Culture. Alren House. ISBN 1903631394.
- Gibson, D. Blair (2012). From Chiefdom to State in Early Ireland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107015634.
- Harbison, Peter (1999). The Golden Age of Irish Art: The Medieval Achievement 600-1200. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500019274.
- Kinsella, Thomas (1981). An Duanaire 1600-1900: Poems of the Dispossessed. Dolmen Press. ISBN 9780851053646.
- Koch, John T. (2004). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851094400.
-
- Lenihan, Patrick (2007). Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727. Routledge. ISBN 0582772176.
- Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait (2005). The Irish Language in Ireland: From Goídel to Globalisation. Routledge. ISBN 0415320461.
- Mac Síomoín, Tomás (2014). The Broken Harp: Identity and Language in Modern Ireland. Nuascealta. ISBN 1502974576.
- Macleod, John (1997). Highlanders: A History of the Gaels. Sceptre. ISBN 0340639911.
- MacManus, Seamus (1921). The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland. The Irish Publishing Company. ISBN 0-517-06408-1. ;
- McLeod, Wilson (2004). Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland C.1200-C.1650. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199247226.
- Newton, Michael (2000). A Handbook of the Scottish Gaelic World. Four Courts Press. ISBN 185182541X.
- Newton, Michael (2009). Warriors of the Word: The World of the Scottish Highlanders. Birlinn. ISBN 1841588261.
- O'Callaghan, Sean (2001). To Hell or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland. Brandon. ISBN 0863222870.
- O'Conor Don, Charles (1753). Dissertations On the Ancient History of Ireland. J. Christie.
- Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2005). A New History of Ireland, Volume I: Prehistoric and Early Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199226658.
- O'Duffy, Séan (2005). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 1135948240.
- Ó Flaithbheartaigh, Ruaidhrí (1685). Ogygia: A Chronological Account of Irish Events. B. Tooke.
- O'Halloran, Sylvester (1778). A General History of Ireland. Hamilton.
- Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2001). The Sacred Isle: Belief and Religion in Pre-Christian Ireland. Boydell Press. ISBN 9780851157474.
- O'Leary, Philip (2004). The Prose Literature of the Gaelic Revival, 1881-1921. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271025964.
- Ó Muraíle, Nollaig (2004). The Great Book of Irish Genealogies. De Burca Books. ISBN 0946130361.
- Osbourn, Terry A. (2006). Teaching World Languages for Social Justice: A Sourcebook of Principles and Practices. Routledge. ISBN 1135609853.
- Patterson, Nerys T. (1991). Cattle Lords and Clansmen: The Social Structure of Early Ireland. Garland Press. ISBN 9780268008000.
- Rankin, David (2002). Celts and the Classical World. Routledge. ISBN 1134747217.
- Richards, Eric (1999). Patrick Sellar and the Highland Clearances: Homicide, Eviction and the Price of Progress. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781902930138.
- Tanner, Marcus (2006). The Last of the Celts. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300115352.
- Thornton, David E. (2003). Kings, Chronologies, and Genealogies: Studies in the Political History of Early Medieval Ireland and Wales. Occasional Publications UPR. ISBN 1900934094.
- Welch, Robert (1992). Irish Writers and Religion. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0389209635.
- Watson, Moray (2010). The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748637095.
- Woolfe, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789-1070. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748612335.
