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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background All the lived one creature at this earth does exhalation. Without breathed, they are irresistible living and effloresce fertile. In breathes, indispensable air is O2. Therefore, O2 there are many found or available at atmosphere earths. In does respiration, creature breathes in O2 and releases CO2. There is even, O2 who is breathed in comes from photosynthesis result greenery that decomposes CO2 who is issued from lived thing exhalation with sunlight help. But, for the moment O2 in midair dwindled beginning and begrimed effect pollution so exhalation trouble happening on living thing exhalation organs in a general way and man on notably. There is respiration even stand in good stead in result materials a new one. Respiration is a proces release energy which saved on the substance of energy source with chemistry process with use oxigen. From respiration would producted chemistry energy ATP for activity, like as synthetic (anabolism), calisthenics, and growth. Its example, respiration that happened on food that often been called respiration anaerob (ferment). Respiration on human and animal happened in broad daylight and that high time night at the moment they are rest. Meanwhile on plant, does respiration on nighted that high time at the moment they are rest. Meanwhile on plant, doing nocturnal respiration and does photosynthesis in broad daylight, but on night even gets photosynthesis happened if get or get quite a lot light that gets to help decomposes CO2 who exists in midair. Generally respiration in animals, in these cases cockroaches as experimental material. Here cans be seen and proved that the cockroaches do aerobic respiration while in the seedling perform anaerobic respiration. This is marked by the Addition of solid KOH in a respirometer tube Provide the influence of pH to enzyme activity. Purpose Based on this experiment about the respiration the purpose are : To prove the organism need oxygen for their respiration To compare the need of oxygen for several organism according to their species and weight of their body. Benefit
The benefit of this experiment are :
The student can prove the organism need oxygen for their respiration The students can compare the need of oxygen for several organism according to their species and weight of their body.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Respiration is a complex process carried out by an orderly sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions. By these enzyme activities many molecules may be fragmented water or other substances may be added groups of atoms may be transferred from one molecule to another and rearrangements may occur within the molecules. All these processes aid in the release of some of chemical bond energy. But the reaction most directly involved in energy release is oxidation and it is opposite, reduction (Whaley, 1974).
Internal respiratory surfaces confer numerous advantages on the organism. As we have seen, their position inside the body reduces water loss. Also the internal membranes can be folded and looped about to yield a respiratory surface far greater in area than animal’s skin. Finally, internal muscular action can move the gases actively over the respiratory membranes. Allowing for more rapid gas exchange and a higher metabolic rate than would be possible with unaided diffusion and convection (Wiliam, 1979).
Respiration is process foodstuff or organic matter oxidation that happening in cell who can do aerob and anaerob. In condition aerob, respiration this require free oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and energy.
react oxidation on sugared is
C6H12O6 + 6H20 6CO2 +6H20 + energy
total carbon dioxide that resulting and total oxygen that is utilized in respiration aerob not always same. it clings to material type that is utilized. Compare among carbon dioxide that detached and needed oxygen respiratory quotient (Tim Pengajar, 2011).
Respiration is cell constitutes metabolite and process reaction that prevailing deep cell or merentas is plasma membrane to result biochemistry energy than material molecule damps down and cell oddment release. Detached energy by oxydator material molecule damps down and be kept as carrier "energy high". Reaction in respiration it catabolism's reaction in metabolite oxygen. Material molecule damps down that prevalent being utilized by cell cell in respiration comprises glucose, asid amino, asid is pengoksida's fat and agent that ordinary it oxygen molecul. Organism which berespiration can utilize other organic molecule besides oxygen as pengoksida's agent. That utilize its oxygen aerob's being, that do not utilize anaerob's so-called oxygen (Anonymous a, 2011).
Detached energy in respiration is utilized for mensintesiskan molecule that gets to play a part as depositor of this energy chemical. sebatian the most prevalent being utilized it adenosina trifosfat (ATP) and chemical energy that be kept may be utilized for all sort process which require energy, including biosintesis, averting power or molecule transportation plasma membrane. Caused by this characteristic, ATP also being recognized as "wang's eye universal energy", to pine ATP'S amount in cell points out many a lot of energies that supply available for process requires energy (Anonymous a, 2011).
Respiration is much more than just breathing; in fact, the term refers to two separate processes, only one of which is the intake and outflow of breath. At least cellular respiration, the process by which organisms convert food into chemical energy, requires oxygen; on the other hand, some forms of respiration are anaerobic, meaning that they require no oxygen. Such is the case, for instance, with some bacteria, such as those that convert ethyl alcohol to vinegar. Likewise, an anaerobic process can take place in human muscle tissue, producing lactic acid something so painful that it feels as though vinegar itself were being poured on an open sore (Anonymous b, 2011).
Respiration can be defined as the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, one in which the circulating medium of the organism (e.g., the blood) comes into contact with air or dissolved gases. Either way, this means more or less the same thing as breathing. In some cases, this meaning of the term is extended to the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream and, eventually, into cells or the release of carbon dioxide from cells into the bloodstream and thence to the lungs, from whence it is expelled to the environment. Sometimes a distinction is made between external respiration, or an exchange of gases with the external environment, and internal respiration, an exchange of gases between the body's cells and the blood, in which the blood itself "bathes" the cells with oxygen and receives carbon dioxide to transfer to the environment (Anonymous b, 2011).
Respiration is the process by which animals take in oxygen necessary for cellular metabolism and release the carbon dioxide that accumulates in their bodies as a result of the expenditure of energy. When an animal breathes, air or water is moved across such respiratory surfaces as the lung or gill in order to help with the process of respiration. Oxygen must be continuously supplied to the animal and carbon dioxide, the waste product, must be continuously removed for cellular metabolism to function properly. For example, if this does not happen and carbon dioxide levels increase in the body, pH levels decrease and the animals may eventually die (Bailey, 2007).
Oxygen is valuable because it is important in many ATP-producing cycles occurring throughout the body such as, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into the three-carbon molecule of pyruvic acid. The series of reactions associated with glycolysis are necessary for anaerobic and aerobic pathways to work, and are also the most fundamental in cellular metabolism. In the presence of 02, the pyruvic acid, which came about from the breakdown of glucose, is further oxidized. However, under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid. Glycolysis follows a specific pathway and ultimately, the oxidation of 1 mol of glucose to pyruvic acid ends in a net gain of only 2 mol of ATP and 2 NADH molecules (Bailey, 2007).
Oxygen dissociation curves graphically represent the percent of hemoglobin's oxygen binding sites that are holding oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen. The sigmoid (S-shaped) curve is due to sub unit cooperativity between the four oxygen binding sites on a hemoglobin molecule. When no binding sites are occupied by oxygen, it is relatively difficult to get the first oxygen to bind. After it does, however, the structure of the hemoglobin molecule is altered a bit, and the second binding site becomes more accessible. This makes it a bit easier for the second molecule of oxygen to bind. After this, additional oxygen molecules bind rather easily to the third and fourth binding sites. Therefore, oxygen binds slowly at first, and then more quickly, giving the dissociation curve a sigmoid shape (Bailey, 2007).
CHAPTER III OBSERVATION METHOD Time and place Day / date : Thrusday / December 2011 Time : 01:20 am – 03:00 pm Place : Biology Laboratory third floor at Mathematic and Natural Science Faculty, State University of Makassar Tool and materials Tools Respirometer Small pipette Stopwatch Injection Spoit Balance pipette Material Cotton Vaselin KOH crystal Eosin solution Small and big Cockroach (Periplaneta sp) Small and big Grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina) Small and big Cricket (Gryllus Assimilis) Open and close Ixora coccinea Work Procedure First experiment: Took Cockroach which have different weight (have measured). Covered KOH crystal with thin cotton and then put into the respirometer tube. Entered the Cockroach into the respirometer tube. Closed the respirometer tube with scale pipette and then put on the stand. Put vaselin around the neck of respirometer tube in order that was not free air from environment. Droped the eosin into the tip scale pipette until 0 scale. Observed the movement of eosin as long scale pipette, then wrote down the scale that showed in interval 1 minutes. Observed the movement until five minutes and changed with new material .
Second experiment:
Cleaned the simple respirometer that used. With the same steps in first experiment, done the second experiment with used Cockroach that have same weight and different small animals (have measured). Third experiment: Cleaned the simple respirometer that used. With the same steps in first experiment, done the second experiment with used Ixora coccinea that open bud and close bud. Fourth experiment : Cleaned the simple respirometer that used. With the same steps in first experiment, done the second experiment with used Cricket (Gryllus Assimilis) that big and small.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result
The result of these experiment is explain into the table.
Small and big Cockroach (Periplaneta sp)
No Type Time (minute)
1 2 3 4 5
1 Big 0 ml 0.03 ml 0.08 ml 0.13 ml 0.18 ml
2 Small 0.06 ml 0,09 ml 0.14ml 0.20 ml 0.24 ml
Small and big Grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina) No Type Time (minute) 1 2 3 4 5 1 Big 0.08 ml 0.15 ml 0.23 ml 0,29 ml 0,33 ml 2 Small 0 ml 0 ml 0,01 ml 0,02 ml 0,11 ml
Small and big Cricket (Gryllus Assimilis) No Type Time (minute) 1 2 3 4 5 1 Big 0,06 ml 0,17 ml 0,28 ml 0,43 ml 0,63 ml 2 Small 0,05 ml 0,17 ml 0,29 ml 0,46 ml 0,59 ml
Open and close bud Ixora coccinea No Type Time (minute) 1 2 3 4 5 1 Open 0 ml 0,01 ml 0,02 ml 0,04 ml 0,06 ml 2 Close 0,01 ml 0,04 ml 0,12 ml 0,14 ml 0,18 ml Data Analysis The analysis from that result are to find the average from the value in the table. To analyse this data we use the formula : v = s/t. than average this data, it is mean average of v (quick of respiration ). Note: V = Quick of respiration S = Scale T = Time Big Periplaneta sp V = S/T V = ( 0 ml)/60 = 0 ml/s V = S/T V = 0,03ml/120 = 0,00025 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,08 ml)/180 = 0,0004 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,13 ml)/240 = 0,00054 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,18 ml)/300 = 0,0006 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0+0,00025+0,0004+0,00054+0,0006)/5 = 0,00035 ml/s Small Periplaneta sp V = S/T V = ( 0,06 ml)/60 = 0,001 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,09 ml)/120 = 0,00075 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,14 ml)/180 = 0,0007 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,20 ml)/240 = 0,00083 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,24 ml)/300 = 0,0008 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0,0001+0,00075+0,0007+0,00083+0,0008)/5 = 0,00063 ml/s Big (Dissosteria carolina) V = S/T V = (0,08 ml)/60 = 0,0013 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,15 ml)/120 = 0,00125 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,23 ml)/180 = 0,0012 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,29 ml)/240 = 0,0012 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,33 ml)/300 = 0,0011 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0,0013+0,00125+0,0012+0,0012+0,0011)/5 = 0,0012 ml/s Small (Dissosteria carolina) V = S/T V = (0 ml)/60 = 0 ml/s V = S/T V = (0 ml)/120 = 0 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,01 ml)/180 = 0,00005 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,02 ml)/240 = 0,00008 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,11 ml)/300 = 0,0003 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0+0+0,00005+0,00008+0,0003)/5 = 0,000086 ml/s Big (Gryllus Assimilis) V = S/T V = ( 0,06 ml)/60 = 0,001 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,17 ml)/120 = 0,0014 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,28 ml)/180 = 0,0015 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,43 ml)/240 = 0,0017 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,63 ml)/300 = 0,0021 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0,001+0,0014+0,0015+-0,0017+0,0021)/5 = 0,00154 ml/s Small (Gryllus Assimilis) V = S/T V = ( 0,05 ml)/60 = 0,0008 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,17 ml)/120 = 0,0014 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,29 ml)/180 = 0,0016 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,46 ml)/240 = 0,0019 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,59ml)/300 = 0,0019 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0,0009+0,0014+0,0016+0,0019+0,0019)/5 = 0,00152ml/s Open Ixora coccinea V = S/T V = ( 0 ml)/60 = 0 ml/s V = S/T V = (0,01 ml)/120 = 0,00008ml/s V = S/T V = (0,02 ml)/180 = 0,0001 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,04 ml)/240 = 0,00016 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,06 ml)/300 = 0,0002 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0+0,00008+0,0001+0,00016+0,0002)/5 = 0,000108ml/s Close Ixora coccinea V = S/T V = ( 0,01 ml)/60 = 0,00016ml/s V = S/T V = (0,04 ml)/120 = 0,0003 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,12 ml)/180 = 0,00066 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,14 ml)/240 = 0,00058 ml/s V = S/T V = ( 0,18 ml)/300 = 0,0006 ml/s The average velocity : Vaverage = (0,0001+0,0003+0,00066+0,00058+0,0006)/5 = 0,000448 ml/s Discussion In this experiment about Respiration, especially for the experiment that use respirometer, it used KOH crystal that packed into the thin cotton. The function of this solution to bind the CO2 that was released by the cockroach and grasshopper, so the movement from the eosin solution it really caused by oxygen consumption, which is in this experiment the function of the eosin is the indicator in the scale. In this experiment when we observed from the table and the Graphic of Cockroach (Periplaneta sp), Cricket (Gryllus Assimilis) and Grasshopper (Dissosteria Carolina) we can found if we compared the organism that has different body size, The big organism needed the oxygen more than the small organism. So, we can say the body size a relationship with the oxygen consumption, if the organism has big body size need the more oxygen consumption. Beside that we had been evidenced about all of living organism need oxygen for their live. According to the table of Ixora coccinea, we can found the different need of oxygen between open bloom Ixora coccinea and the close bloom Ixora coccinea. If we compare the both of them, we can found that the open bloom Ixora coccinea use more oxygen in respiration than the close bloom Ixora coccinea. So, we can say that the bloom had a relationship with oxygen comsumption. On experiment already done, at gets that speed thread at beginned of the quickest one to late one which is; big Cricket (Gryllus Assimilis), small Cricket (Gryllus Assimilis), big Grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina) , small Cockroach (Periplaneta sp), big Cockroach (Periplaneta sp), close Ixora coccinea, small Grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina), and the latest which is open Ixora coccinea.
Grafic
Small and big Cockroach (Periplaneta sp)
Small and big Grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina)
Small and big Cricket (Gryllus Assimilis)
Open and close bloom Ixora coccinea
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion
From result of experiment can be taken conclusion that:
Organism need oxygen for respiration process and releasing carbon dioxide according to the movement of the eosin in the observation that caused by the respiration process of the organism in the respirometer. A lot of oxygen by organism is different, depend on from species and measure weigh of body, More weigh of body by organism, so oxygen that needed for respiration is more bigger than the other Suggestion Provide tools and materials for smoothus in doing practical work. Provide adetailed explanation about the experiment will be undertaken so as not to have difficulty in preparing the report. I hope for my friend in the next experiment, we can work together again more than in this experiment and working more seriously to get a good result to get a good result.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous a, 2011. Respirasi Sel. http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirasi_sel. Accesed at December 5th 2011 Anonymous b, 2011.Respiration. http://www.answers.com/topic/respiration . Accesed at December 5th 2011 Bailey, J.L. 2007. Animal Physiology. Colchester : Saint Michael's College Tim Pengajar. 2011. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri Makassar Whaley, Gordon et all. 1974. Principles of Biology, Third Edition, New York: Harper and Row Wiliam A, Jensen. 1979. Biology. America: Wadsworth,Inc.
